Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests

Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests
300px arid landscape in Gir Forest
300px Ecoregion territory (in purple)
Ecology
Ecozone	Indomalayan
Biome	tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
Borders	Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests Northwestern thorn scrub forests Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
Geography
Area	265,995 km2 (102,701 sq mi)
Country	India
states	Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan
Conservation
Conservation status	critical/endangered
Protected	11,335 km² (4%)

The Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests (also Kathiarbar-Gir or Kathiawar-Gir) is a mostly arid ecoregion in northwestern India that stretches over 103,100 sq mi (267,000 km²) across Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. The dry deciduous forests in the region are dominated by teak, and thorny trees and scrub in drier areas.

Landscape

File:Aravali Hills in winter fog.JPG

The Aravalli Range is part of this ecoregion

The Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests include the Aravalli Range, the high point of which is Mount Abu with an elevation of 1,721 m (5,646 feet), and a small part of the Northwestern thorn scrub forests in the west. In the west is the Kathiawar Peninsula and the strip of western Rajasthan between the Aravalli Range and Thar Desert. To the northwest, the Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests transit to the Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests. To the southeast lies the Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests, of the Vindhya Range, and the Narmada River Valley. The ecoregion also borders the North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests in southeastern Gujarat.

The ecoregion has a tropical monsoon climate, with most of its 550 to 700 mm average annual rainfall during the June–September southwest monsoon and little for the remaining months of the year, while temperatures often exceed 40 °C. Higher elevations of the Aravallis stay cooler, and the windward slopes (generally southeast-facing) receive higher rainfall. This results in a dry landscape of thorny scrub, bare trees and rocks.

Flora

File:Silk Cotton Tree ( Bombax ceiba) flowers.JPG

A silk-cotton tree in full bloom

The composition of the ecoregion's forests varies with moisture and soil. They have a three-storied structure, with the top story reaching 15 to 25 m (49 to 82 ft). Arid areas are dominated by Anogeissus pendula growing in association with khair, especially on the quartzite ridges and gneiss hillocks of the Aravalli Range. Less arid areas are dominated by teak (Tectona grandis), bael (Aegle marmelos), Boswellia serrata, Desmodium oojeinense, Diospyros species, silk-cotton tree, Sterculia urens, Phyllanthus emblica, Dalbergia paniculata, and Terminalia elliptica. Mount Abu is covered in dry deciduous forest with conifers at the highest elevations. Thorn scrub forests, characterized by Euphorbia caducifolia, Maytenus emarginata, Acacia senegal, Commiphora mukul, Wrightia tinctoria, Flueggea leucopyrus, Grewia species, occur on rocky Aravalli hillsides and in degraded areas. The endemic species Dicliptera abuensis, Strobilanthes halbergii, and Veronica anagallis also grow in these areas. Date palms (Phoenix sylvestris) and fig trees (Ficus racemosa) grow near rivers and streams of the hills.

Fauna

Bird species include the:

• endangered great Indian bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps)
• lesser florican (Eupodotis indica)
• near-endemic white-naped tit (Parus nuchalis), which inhabits the thorny scrub areas of the ecoregion.

The protected areas of this region are also home to 80 mammal species including

• Indian leopard (Panthera pardus fusca), Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), and chinkara (Gazella bennettii)
• jungle cat (Felis chaus), Asiatic wildcat (Felis silvestris ornata) and rusty-spotted cat (Prionailurus rubiginosus).
• golden jackal (Canis aureus)
• Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in the eastern part of this ecoregion
• Asiatic lion (Panthera leo leo) in Gir National Park and surrounding areas in Kathiawar Peninsula
• Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) in Ratan Mahal Wildlife Sanctuary

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  Bengal tiger in Ranthambore National Park, Rajasthan

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  Male Asiatic lion in Gir Forest National Park, Gujarat

• 20150316 IMG 9999 276.jpg

  Indian leopard at Gir

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  Striped hyena

• Golden Jackal at Rajkot.jpg

  Golden jackal in the area of Rajkot

• A fragile co-existence of between sloth bears and humans at Ratanmahal Sloth Bear Sactuary, Dahod, Gujarat, India.jpg

  An Indian sloth bear walking on the road in Ratan Mahal Sloth Bear Sanctuary

• Mugger crocodile in Gir Forest National Park.jpg

  Mugger crocodile at Gir

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  Great Indian bustard at the Naliya grasslands, Kutch

• Adult White napped Tit.jpg

  White-naped tit foraging on Prosopis juliflora at Kutch

• Female Lesser Florican in flight.jpg

  A female lesser florican in flight from Rajasthan

Threats to biodiversity

The human population in the region is growing, and wildlife habitats have mostly been removed or degraded due to collection of firewood and timber, and use as grazing land for livestock.

Protected areas

Protected areas cover 8,980 km² (3,470 sq mi) in this ecoregion, and include:

• Balaram Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary
• Darrah National Park (including Jawahar Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary and National Chambal Sanctuary)
• Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary
• Ghatigaon Wildlife Sanctuary
• Gir Forest National Park
• Jaisamand Wildlife Sanctuary
• Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary
• Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary
• Kuno National Park
• Madhav National Park
• Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary
• Nahargarh Biological Park
• Ramgarh Wildlife Sanctuary
• Ranthambore National Park
• Ratan Mahal Wildlife Sanctuary
• Sailana Kharmour Bird Sanctuary
• Sariska Tiger Reserve
• Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary

See also

• Ecoregions of India