Capital punishment in Michigan

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Capital punishment in Michigan was technically legal[clarification needed] from statehood in 1837 until it was abolished in 1846. Michigan is one of the few U.S. states never to have executed anyone following admission into the Union (others include Alaska and Hawaii).

Michigan's death penalty history is unusual in contrast to other states. Michigan was the first English-speaking government in the world to totally abolish the death penalty for ordinary crimes.[1] The Michigan State Legislature voted to do so on May 18, 1846, and this has remained in law since.[2] Although the death penalty was formally retained as the punishment for treason until 1963, no person has ever been convicted or indeed tried for treason against Michigan, and therefore Michigan has not executed any person since statehood.

History

With one exception, all executions in areas which are now part of the State of Michigan were performed before the state was admitted to the Union.[3] Michigan became the 26th State on January 26, 1837.

Approximately a dozen people are known to have been executed from 1683 to 1836. The area that is now Michigan was part of colonial New France from 1612 (first permanent settlement, Sault Sainte Marie, 1668) to 1763, when the Treaty of Paris transferred New France to Great Britain. It was part of British Indian Territory, 1763 to 1774 when it became part of the Province of Quebec. The Treaty of Paris, 1783 legally transferred the area to the new United States of America but Lower Michigan remained under British control until 1796, and Upper Michigan until 1818 (transferred pursuant to the Treaty of Ghent of 1814). In this early period, there were a number of cases where persons who had committed a capital crime in Detroit were transported to Montreal for trial and execution.

The first person known to be executed in Michigan was an Aboriginal North American named Folle-Avoine. The first person executed under US Jurisdiction was a Native American named Buhnah. Two women were executed in Michigan, both during the British colonial period – an unnamed slave (owned by a man named Clapham) in 1763, and an African Canadian named Ann Wyley in 1777, both when Michigan was under British jurisdiction.[4] By race, seven of 15 were Aboriginal Americans; seven were European-North Americans; and one was an African-North American.[5] The 1830 hanging of a white tavern keeper, Stephen Simmons, who had in drunken fit killed his wife, generated more popular opposition to the death penalty than the prior hanging of Native Americans.[6] Consequently, Simmons' was the last execution under Michigan law.[7]

Although Michigan had outlawed the death penalty after becoming a state, the United States Government hanged Anthony Chebatoris at the Federal Correctional Institution, Milan near Milan, Michigan in 1938, for a murder he had committed while robbing a federal bank in Midland.[8]

The death penalty has been unconstitutional in Michigan since the 1963 constitution became effective in 1964.[9]

The conviction of Marvin Gabrion received national attention when he was sentenced to death for the murder of Rachel Timmerman in Newaygo County, Michigan. Prosecutors were able to use the Dual Sovereignty Doctrine to seek a death sentence because the murder took place on federal land.[10] Gabrion is the first person in the United States to receive the federal death penalty for a crime committed in a non-death penalty state since the federal death penalty was reinstated in 1988 as well as the first person to be sentenced to death in the state of Michigan since 1937.[11] The sentence was overturned before being reinstated in 2013.[12][13]

Methods

The legal method of executions in Michigan was hanging, although two people were executed by shooting, one was bludgeoned, and the method of one other execution remains unknown.

Lists of individuals executed

Source: ESPYstate.pdf-pages 166–167 PDF (1.67 MB)

Before U.S. jurisdiction

Name Date of execution Crime Method Race
French jurisdiction
Folle-Avoine November 29, 1683 Murder Shot Native American
Unknown November 29, 1683 Murder Shot Native American
Pierre Berge (or Boucher) dit La Tulipe November 26, 1705 Assault Hanging (in Montreal)[14] White
Bartellemy Pichon dit La Roze November 7, 1707 Desertion Hanging[15] White
British jurisdiction
Unknown female slave (whose owner's name was Clapham) April 1763 Murder Hanging Native American
Michael Dué late 1760s Murder Hanging[16] White
Joseph Hecker December 1775 Murder Hanging[17] White
Jean Baptiste Contincineau March 26, 1777 Robbery Hanging[4] White
Ann Wyley or Wiley March 26, 1777 Robbery Hanging[4] Black

Under U.S. jurisdiction (territorial)

Name Date of execution Crime Method Race
Buhnah 1819 Murder Unknown method Native American
Ketauka December 27, 1821 Murder Hanging[18] Native American
Kewaubis December 27, 1821 Murder Hanging[18] Native American
James Brown February 1, 1830 Murder Hanging White
Stephen Simmons[19][20] September 24, 1830 Murder Hanging[21] White
Wau-Bau-Ne-Me-Mee July 1836 Murder Hanging Native American

After statehood (federal)

Name Date of execution Crime Method Race
Anthony Chebatoris July 8, 1938 Murder Hanging White

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ History of the Death Penalty – Faith in Action – Working to Abolish the Death Penalty
  2. ↑ See Caitlin pp. 420–422
  3. ↑ Regional Studies The Midwest
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 See Burton pp. 193–195 for an account of Contincineau's trial. The presiding judge Philip Dejean was subsequently indicted for the murder of Contincineau. According to the account in Burton, Contincineau's accomplice, the slave woman Ann Wyley, was freed by Dejean on the condition that she act as executioner on Contincineau. Caitlin p. 68 notes that Dejean later went back on his offer and had Wiley hanged.
  5. ↑ Executions is the U.S. 1608-2002: The ESPY File, http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/ESPYstate.pdf
  6. ↑ America Without the Death Penalty: States Leading the Way John F. Galliher, Larry W. Koch, David Patrick Keys –1555536395 2005 Page 12 "The execution of Stephen Simmons generated considerably more outrage in Michigan than did the execution of the two Native Americans who preceded him to the gallows."
  7. ↑ Richard Adler Cholera in Detroit: A History 2013 – Page 93 "Knapp was an unwilling participant in what had been the last execution under Michigan law. Stephen Simmons, a local tavern keeper, was convicted in 1830 of the murder of his wife, and was sentenced to be hanged. Knapp, as the sheriff, ..."
  8. ↑ Veselenak, Michigan History Magazine, May 1998
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ See Burton p. 164; Tulipe was a drummer in the company of Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac who assaulted a 12-year-old girl. He was convicted and executed in Quebec.
  15. ↑ See Burton pp. 164–165
  16. ↑ See Burton p. 142; Dué was arrested for murdering a man in Detroit and was tried, convicted and executed in Montreal.
  17. ↑ See Caitlin p. 68. Burton p. 194 mentions the execution of a person named "Ellers" in December 1775.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 See Caitlin p. 262 for a description of the execution of Ketauka and Kewaubis
  19. ↑ David G. Chardavoyne>A Hanging in Detroit: Stephen Gifford Simmons and the Last Execution Under Michigan Law
  20. ↑ Robert M. Bohm Deathquest: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Capital Punishment 2011 1437734936 Page 9 "Two of the latter three executed were Native Americans, and both were executed in 1821. The other, Stephen Simmons, was executed in 1830, 7 years before Michigan gained statehood. Simmons in a drunken rage killed his wife in Detroit."
  21. ↑ For a detailed account of Simmons' execution, see Caitlin "Michigan's Last Infliction of Capital Punishment" pp. 289–293

References

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