List of plant hybrids

An ornamental lily hybrid known as Lilium 'Citronella'

This is a list of plant hybrids created intentionally or by chance and exploited commercially in agriculture or horticulture. The hybridization event mechanism is documented where known, along with the authorities who described it and the date.

Hybrids

Species	Common name	Family	Hybridization	Confirmed or putative hybridization?	Putative parental/introgressive species	Polyploid or homoploid?	Polyploid chromosome count	References	Notes
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench	Okra	Malvaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Putative	Uncertain	Polyploid (tetraploid)	usually 2n=4x=130	Joshi and Hardas, 1956; Schafleitner et al., 2013	Variable ploidy
Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F.Liang & A.R.Ferguson	Kiwifruit	Actinidiaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Putative	Actinidia chinensis Planch. and Unknown	Polyploid (hexaploid)	2n=6x=174	Atkinson et al., 1997
Agave fourcroydes Lem.	Henequen	Asparagaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Uncertain	Polyploid (usu. pentaploid, triploid)	2n=5x(3x)=150(90)	Robert et al., 2008; Hughes et al., 2007	Variable ploidy, polyploid event not recent
Agave sisalana Perrine	Sisal	Asparagaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Uncertain	Polyploid (usu. pentaploid, hexaploid)	2n=5x(6x)=150(180)	Robert et al., 2008	Variable ploidy, polyploid event not recent
Allium ampeloprasum L.	Great headed garlic	Amaryllidaceae	Intraspecific hybrid origin	Putative	Allium ampeloprasum L.	Homoploid	–	Guenaoui et al., 2013
Allium cepa L.	Common onion	Amaryllidaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Putative	Uncertain: Allium vavilovii Popov & Vved., A. galanthum Kar. & Kir. or A. fistulosum L.	Homoploid	–	Gurushidze et al., 2007
Allium cornutum Clementi	Triploid onion	Amaryllidaceae	Triparental allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Allium cepa L., A. roylei Stearn, unknown	Polyploid (triploid)	2n=3x=24	Fredotovic et al., 2014
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr is	Pineapple	Bromeliaceae	Interspecific introgression	Putative	Ananas ananassoides (Baker) L.B. Smith	Homoploid	–	Duval et al., 2003
Annona x atemoya	Atemoya	Annonaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Confirmed	Annona cherimola Mill. and A. squamosa L.	?	–	Perfectti et al., 2004; Jalikop, 2010
Arachis hypogaea L.	Peanut	Fabaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Arachis duranensis Krapov. & W.C. Greg. and A. ipaënsis Krapov. & W.C. Greg.	Polypoid (tetraploid)	2n=4x=40	Kochert et al., 1996; Bertioli et al., 2011
Armoracia rusticana P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.	Horseradish	Brassicaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Putative	Uncertain	?	–	Courter and Rhodes, 1969
Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg	Breadfruit	Moraceae	Interspecific introgression	Putative	Artocarpus mariannensis Trécul	?	–	Zerega et al., 2005; Jones et al., 2013
Avena sativa L.	Oat	Poaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Uncertain	Polyploid (hexaploid)	2n=6x=42	Linares et al., 1998; Oliver et al., 2013
Brassica carinata A.Braun	Ethiopian mustard	Brassicaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Brassica oleracea L. and B. nigra (L.) K.Koch	Polyploid (tetraploid)	2n=4x=19	Arias et al., 2014
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.	Indian mustard	Brassicaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch and B. rapa L.	Polyploid (tetraploid)	2n=4x=18	Arias et al., 2014
Brassica napus L.	Rapeseed, rutabega	Brassicaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Brassica rapa L. and B. oleracea L.	Polyploid (tetraploid)	2n=4x=19	Arias et al., 2014
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.	Pigeon pea	Fabaceae	Intraspecific introgression, interspecific introgression	Putative	Wild Cajanus cajan and other species	Homoploid	–	Kassa et al., 2012
Cannabis sativa L.	Hemp	Cannabaceae	Intraspecific introgression	Putative	Cannabis sativa L. 'Indica' and 'Sativa' types	Homoploid	–	de Meijer and van Soest, 1992
Carica pentagona Heilborn	Babaco	Caricaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Confirmed	Uncertain (Carica stipulata V.M.Badillo, Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC., Vasconcellea weberbaueri (Harms) V.M. Badillo)	?	–	Van Droogenbroeck et al., 2002; Van Droogenbroeck et al., 2006
Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch	Pecan	Juglandaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Putative	Uncertain	?	–	Grauke et al., 2011
Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkh	Chestnut	Fagaceae	Interspecific introgression	Confirmed	Castanea pumila (L.) Mill.	Homoploid	–	Li and Dane, 2013	Also ongoing efforts to introgress blight resistance from Castanea mollissima Blume (see Jacobs et al., 2013)
Castanea sativa Mill.	Chestnut	Fagaceae	Intraspecific introgression	Confirmed	Castanea sativa Eurosiberian and Mediterranean populations	Homoploid	–	Villani et al., 1999; Mattioni et al., 2013
Chenopodium quinoa Willd.	Quinoa	Chenopodiaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Putative	Uncertain	Polyploid (tetraploid)	–	Heiser, 1974; Ward, 2000; Maughan et al., 2004
Cicer arietinum L.	Chickpea (pea-shaped)	Fabaceae	Intraspecific hybrid origin	Putative	Cicer arietinum L. Desi and Kabuli Germplasm	?	–	Upadhyaya et al., 2008; Keneni et al., 2011
Cichorium intybus L.	Radicchio	Asteraceae	Interspecific introgression	Confirmed	Wild Cichorium intybus L.	Homoploid	–	Kiaer et al., 2009
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle	Key lime	Rutaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Confirmed	Citrus medica L. and C. subg. Papeda	?	–	Ollitrault and Navarro, 2012; Penjor et al., 2014; Nicolosi et al., 2000; Moore, 2001
Citrus aurantium L.	Sour oranges	Rutaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Confirmed	Citrus maxima (Burm.) and C. reticulata Blanco	?	–	Wu et al., 2014; Moore, 2001
Citrus clementina hort.	Clementine	Rutaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Confirmed	Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck and C. reticulata Blanco	?	–	Wu et al., 2014
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck	Lemon, lime	Rutaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Confirmed	Citrus medica L., C. aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle, and uncertain	?	–	Nicolosi et al., 2000; Moore, 2001
Citrus paradisi Macfad.	Grapefruit	Rutaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Confirmed	Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck and C. maxima (Burm.)	?	–	Wu et al., 2014; Moore, 2001
Citrus reticulata Blanco	Mandarin	Rutaceae	Interspecific introgression	Confirmed	Citrus maxima (Burm.)	?	–	Wu et al., 2014
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck	Sweet orange (blood, common)	Rutaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Confirmed	Uncertain	?	–	Wu et al., 2014; Moore, 2001
Cocos nucifera L.	Coconut	Arecaceae	Intraspecific introgression	Confirmed	Cocos nucifera L. Indo-Atlantic and Pacific lineages	Homoploid	–	Gunn et al., 2011
Coffea arabica L.	Coffee	Rubiaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Coffea eugenioides S.Moore and C. canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner	Polyploid (tetraploid)	2n=4x=44	Lashermes et al., 1999
Corylus avellana L.	Hazelnut	Betulaceae	Intraspecific introgression	Confirmed	Wild Corylus avellana L. in Southern Europe	Homoploid	–	Campa et al., 2011; Boccacci et al., 2013
Cucurbita pepo L.	Winter squash, pumpkin	Cucurbitaceae	Intraspecific introgression	Putative	Cucurbita pepo var. texana (Scheele) D.S.Decker	Homploid	–	Kirkpatrick and Wilson, 1988
Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.	Carrot	Apiaceae	Intraspecific introgression	Confirmed	Daucus carota L. subsp. carota	Homoploid	–	Iorizzo et al., 2013; Simon, 2000
Dioscorea L. spp.	Yam	Dioscoreaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin, introgression	Putative	Uncertain	Variable	–	Terauchi et al., 1992; Dansi et al., 1999; Bhattacharjee et al., 2011; Mignouna et al., 2002	Multiple species of putative hybrid (perhaps allopolyploid) origin including Dioscorea cayennensis subsp. rotundata (Poir.) J.Miège. and D. cayennensis Lam.
Diospyros kaki L.f.	Persimmon	Ebenaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Putative	Uncertain	Polyploid (hexaploid)	Yonemori et al., 2008
Ficus carica L.	Fig	Moraceae	Interspecific introgression	Putative	Uncertain	?	Aradhya et al., 2010
Fragaria ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier	Strawberries	Rosaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Confirmed	Fragaria virginiana Mill. (octoploid), F. chiloensis (L.) Mill. (octoploid)	Homoploid relative to parentals (octoploid)	2n=8x=56 Evans, 1977; Hirakawa et al., 2014	Uncertain which species formed the octoploid progenitors
Garcinia mangostana L.	Mangosteen	Clusiaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Putative	Garcinia celebica L. and G. malaccensis Hook.f. ex T.Anderson	Polyploid (tetraploid)	? Richards, 1990	Recent work shows this may not be of hybrid origin (Nazre, 2014)
Gossypium hirsutum L.	Upland cotton	Malvaceae	hybrid origin	Confirmed	Uncertain, referred to as 'A' and 'D'	Polyploid (formed <1MYA)	2n =4x=52 Wendel and Cronn 2003	Polyploidization likely led to agronomically significant traits (Applequist et al., 2001)
Hibiscus sabdariffa L.	Roselle	Malvaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Putative	Uncertain	Polyploid (tetraploid)	2n=4x=72 Menzel and Wilson, 1966; Satya et al., 2013
Hordeum vulgare L.	Barley	Poaceae	Introgression	Confirmed	Hordeum spontaneum K.Koch	Homoploid	Badr et al., 2000; Dai et al., 2012
Humulus lupulus L.	Hops	Cannabaceae	Intraspecific introgression	Confirmed	Humulus lupulus L. North American and European Germplasm	Homoploid	Reeves and Richards, 2011; Stajner et al., 2008; Seefelder et al., 2000
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.	Sweet potato	Convolvulaceae	Intraspecific introgression; Interspecific introgression?	Putative	Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Central American and South American Germplasm	Homoploid relative to parentals	Roullier et al., 2013
Juglans regia L.	Walnut	Juglandaceae	Interspecific hybridization	Confirmed	Juglans sigillata Dode	Homoploid	Gunn et al., 2010
Lactuca sativa L.	Lettuce	Asteraceae	Intraspecific hybrid origin	Putative	Lactuca serriola L. and other L. spp.	Homoploid	de Vries, 1997
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.	Bottle Gourd	Cucurbitaceae	Intraspecific introgression	Confirmed	Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. African/American and Asian Germplasm	Homoploid	Clarke et al., 2006
Lens culinaris Medik. ssp. culinaris	Lentil	Fabaceae	Intraspecific introgression	Putative	Wild lentil, Lens culinaris subsp. orientalis (Boiss.) Ponert	Homoploid	Erskine et al., 2011
Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche	Macadamia	Proteaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression	Confirmed	Macadamia tetraphylla L.A.S.Johnson, and other M. spp.	Homoploid	Hardner et al., 2009; Steiger et al., 2003; Aradhya et al., 1998
Malus domestica Borkh.	Apple	Rosaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Confirmed	Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem., M. sylvestris (L.) Mill., and possibly others	Homoploid	Cornille et al., 2012
Mentha piperita L.	Peppermint	Lamiaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Mentha aquatica L. and M. spicata L.	Polyploid (12-ploid)	2n=12x=66 or 72 Harley and Brighton, 1977; Gobert et al., 2002
Musa paradisiaca L.	Banana	Musaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Musa acuminata Colla, M. balbisiana Colla	Polyploid (usually triploid)	2n=3x=33 Simmonds and Shepherd, 1955; Heslop-Harrison and Schwarzacher, 2007; De Langhe et al., 2010
Nicotiana tabacum L.	Tobacco	Solanaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Uncertain (Nicotiana sylvestris Speg. & S. Comes and N. tomentosiformis Goodsp.)	Polyploid (tetraploid)	2n=4x=48 Kenton et al., 1993; Murad et al., 2002
Olea europaea L.	Olive	Oleaceae	Intraspecific introgression	Putative	Wild Olea europaea L., Eastern and Western Germplasm	Homoploid	Kaniewski et al., 2012; Besnard et al., 2013; Breton et al., 2006; Rubio de Casas et al., 2006; Besnard et al., 2007; Besnard et al., 2000
Opuntia L. spp.	Opuntia	Cactaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin, Allopolyploid origin	Putative	Including Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.	Polyploid, homoploid	Hughes et al., 2007; Griffith, 2004
Oryza sativa L.	Rice	Poaceae	Intraspecific introgression, interspecific introgression	Putative	Oryza sativa L. 'Japonica' and 'Indica' Germplasm, Oryza rufipogon Griff.	Homoploid	Caicedo et al., 2007; Gao and Innan, 2008
Oxalis tuberosa Molina	Oca	Oxalidaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Putative	Uncertain	Polyploid (octaploid)	2n=8x=64 Emswhiller and Doyle, 2002; Emshwiller 2002; Emswhiller et al., 2009
Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.	Pearl millet	Poaceae	Intraspecific introgression	Confirmed	Wild Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.	Homoploid	Oumar et al., 2008
Persea americana Mill.	Avocado (Hass and other cultivars)	Lauraceae	Intraspecific introgression	Confirmed	Persea americana Mill. 'Guatamalensis', 'Drymifolia', and' Americana'	Homoploid	Chen et al., 2008; Davis et al., 1998; Ashworth and Clegg, 2003; Douhan et al., 2011
Phoenix dactylifera L.	Date palm	Arecaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Putative	Uncertain	Homoploid	El Hadrami et al., 2011; Bennaceur et al., 1991
Piper methysticum G.Forst.	Kava	Piperaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Putative	Piper wichmannii C. DC. and P. gibbiflorum C.DC.	Polyploid (decaploid)	2n=10x=130 Singh, 2004; Lebot et al., 1991
Pistacia vera L.	Pistachio	Anacardiaceae	Interspecific introgression	Putative	Pistacia atlantica Desf., P. chinensis subsp. integerrima (J. L. Stewart ex Brandis) Rech. f.	Homoploid	Kafkas et al., 2001
Pisum abyssinicum A.Braun	Pea	Fabaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Confirmed	Uncertain (Pisum fulvum Sibth. & Sm. and other P. spp.)	Homoploid	Vershinin et al., 2003
Pisum sativum L.	Pea	Fabaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Confirmed	Uncertain (Pisum sativum subsp. elatius (M.Bieb.) Asch. & Graebn. and other P. spp.)	Homoploid	Vershinin et al., 2003
Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel	Jaboticaba	Myrtaceae	Intraspecific hybridization, interspecific hybridization	Putative	Plinia 'Jaboticaba' and 'Cauliflora' Germplasm; P. peruviana (Poir.) Govaerts	Homoploid	Balerdi et al., 2006
Prunus cerasus L.	Cherry	Rosaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Prunus avium (L.) L. and P. fruticosa Pall.	Polyploid (tetraploid)	2n=4x=32 Tavaud et al., 2004; Olden and Nybom, 1968
Prunus domestica L.	Plum	Rosaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Uncertain (P. cerasifera Ehrh. and P. spinosa L.)	Polyploid (hexaploid)	2n=6x=48 Zohary, 1992; Hartmann and Neumuller, 2009	Japanese plum is also of hybrid origin (see Hartmann and Neumuller 2009). Also hybridizes with other cultivated Prunus spp.
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb	Almond	Rosaceae	Interspecific introgression	Confirmed	Prunus orientalis (Mill.) Koehne and other P. spp.	Homoploid	Delplancke et al., 2012; Delplancke et al., 2013
Pyrus L. species	Pear	Rosaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Confirmed	Many species	Homoploid	Silva et al., 2014	Also introgression with semidomesticated populations (see Iketani et al. 2009)
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin	Radish	Brassicaceae	Intraspecific introgression	Confirmed	Raphanus raphanistrum L. subsp. raphanistrum	Homoploid	Ridley et al., 2008
Rheum L. cultivated species	Rhubarb	Polygonaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Putative	Unclear	Homoploid relative to parentals (tetraploid)	Foust and Marshall, 1991; Kuhl and Deboer, 2008	Hybrids include: Rheum rhaponticum L., R. rhabarbarum L., R. palmatum L.
Rubus L. spp.	Red raspberry, blackberry, tayberry, boysenberry, etc.	Rosaceae	Allopolyploid origin, interspecific hybridization	Confirmed	Many	Polyploid	Alice et al., 2014; Alice and Campbell, 1999
Saccharum spp.	Sugarcane	Poaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Saccharum officinarum L. and S. spontaneum L.	Polyploid	Variable, 2n=10-13x=100-130 Grivet et al., 1995; D'Hont et al., 1996
Secale cereale L.	Rye	Poaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin	Confirmed	Uncertain (Secale montanum Guss., S. vavilovii Grossh.)	Homoploid	Bartos et al., 2008; Korzun et al., 2001; Hillman, 1978; Tang et al., 2011; Salamini et al., 2002
Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.	Chayote	Cucurbitaceae	Interspecific introgression	Putative	Sechium compositum (Donn. Sm.) C. Jeffrey	Homoploid	Newstrom, 1991
Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.	Foxtail millet	Poaceae	Interspecific introgression	Confirmed	Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv.	Homoploid	Till-Bottraud et al., 1992
Solanum L. spp. Section Petota	Potato	Solanaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin, allopolyploid origin, interspecific introgression	Confirmed	Including Solanum tuberosum L., S. ajanhuiri Juz. & Bukasov, S. curtilobum Juz. & Bukasov, S. juzepczukii Bukasov	Homoploid and Polyploid	Rodriguez et al., 2010
Solanum lycopersicum L.	Tomato	Solanaceae	Intraspecific introgression, interspecific introgression	Confirmed	Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (Dunal) D.M. Spooner, G.J. Anderson & R.K. Jansen and S. pimpinellifolium L.	Homoploid	Blanca et al., 2012; Causse et al., 2013; Rick, 1950
Solanum melongena L.	Eggplant	Solanaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression, intraspecific introgression	Confirmed	Solanum undatum Lam. and others; wild S. melongena L. (=S. insanum L.)	Homoploid	Knapp et al., 2013; Meyer et al., 2012	Hybrid origin is not confirmed, but introgression is well documented
Solanum muricatum Aiton	Pepino dulce	Solanaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression	Likely	Solanum species in Series Caripensia	Homoploid	Blanca et al., 2007	Polyphyletic origin and extensive, ongoing introgression with wild species
Solanum tuberosum	Potato	Solanaceae	Intraspecific Hybrid	Confirmed	Diploid potato lines crossed with S. chacoense containing Sli gene	Homoploid	Lindhout et al., 2011
Spondias purpurea L.	Jocote	Anacardiaceae	Interspecific introgression	Putative	Spondias mombin L.	Homoploid	Miller and Schaal, 2005
Theobroma cacao L.	Cacao (Trinitario-type)	Malvaceae	Intraspecific hybrid origin	Confirmed	Theobroma cacao L. 'Forastero' and 'Criollo' Germplasm	Homoploid	Yang et al., 2013
Triticum aestivum L.	Bread wheat, spelt	Poaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Triticum turgidum L. (tetraploid) with Aegilops tauschii Coss.	Polyploid (hexaploid)	2n=6x=42 Matsuoka, 2011; Dvorak, 2012
Triticum turgidum L.	Emmer wheat, durum wheat	Poaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Triticum urartu Thumanjan ex Gandilyan and Aegilops speltoides Tausch	Polyploid (tetraploid)	2n=4x=28 Dvorak et al., 2012; Matsuoka, 2011; Yamane and Kawahara, 2005
Vaccinium corymbosum L.	Highbush blueberry	Ericaceae	Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression	Putative	Vaccinium tenellum Aiton, V. darrowii Camp, (V. virgatum Aiton, V. angustifolium Aiton)	Uncertain	Vander Kloet, 1980; Bruederle et al., 1994; Lyrene et al., 2003; Boches et al., 2006	Possible hybrid origin during the Plesitocene
Vanilla tahitensis J.W. Moore	Tahitian vanilla	Orchidaceae	Allopolyploid origin	Confirmed	Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews and V. odorata C.Presl	Polyploid	Variable, 2n=2x(4x)=32(64) Lubinsky et al., 2008
Vitis rotundifolia Michx.	Grape	Vitaceae	Interspecific introgression	Confirmed	ManyVitis spp.	Homoploid	2n=2x=38 Reisch et al., 2012; This et al., 2006
Zea mays L.	Maize	Poaeceae	Intraspecific introgression	Confirmed	Wild Zea mays L. (teosinte, =subsp. parviglumis Iltis & Doebley)	Homoploid	Van Heerwaarden et al., 2011; Hufford et al., 2013