Skopje 2014
Skopje 2014 (Macedonian: Скопје 2014) is a project financed by the Government of the Republic of Macedonia, with the main ideology being based on that of the ruling party VMRO-DPMNE, with the purpose of giving the capital Skopje a more classical appeal by the year 2014. The project, officially announced in 2010, consists mainly of the construction of museums and government buildings, as well as the erection of monuments depicting historical figures from the region of Macedonia. Around 20 buildings and over 40 monuments are planned to be constructed as part of the project.[1]
The project has been criticized for constructing nationalistic historicist kitsch. Skopje 2014 has also generated controversy for its cost, for which estimates range from 80 to 500 million euros.[2][3]
Contents
Background
The 1963 Skopje earthquake destroyed approximately 80% of the city, including most of the neoclassical buildings in the central part of Skopje.[4] The rebuilding that followed saw the construction of mostly plain Socialist architecture. This is a main reason given by the government for the necessity of the project, to give Skopje a more monumental and visually pleasing image.[5] Some of the project does consist of reconstructions of buildings destroyed or significantly damaged in the earthquake. This includes the national theatre, the old city hall, and Kale Fortress.
In a speech at the opening of Porta Macedonia in January 2012, Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski stated that Skopje 2014 was his idea.[6]
Criticism
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The Skopje 2014 project has been criticized by various groups since the time it was first announced. The cost of the project is estimated at anywhere from 80 to more than 500 million euros[7][8] and is seen by many as a waste of resources in a country with high unemployment and poverty. The project is also believed by critics to be a distraction from these problems.[5]
The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia, the main opposition party, opposes the project and has alleged that the monuments could have cost six to ten times less than what the government paid.[9]
The project is seen as a part of the government's "antiquisation" policy, in which the country seeks to claim ancient Macedonian figures like Alexander the Great and Philip II of Macedon for itself. The timing of the project, following the country's non-invitation to NATO due to its continued naming dispute with Greece, has led to speculation that it is retaliation or an attempt to put pressure on Greece.[10] Some residents see the scheme as the embodiment of nationalism by a conservative government focused as much on giving the metropolis a facelift as changing the nation's history and have described it as a mini-Las Vegas[11] while others appreciate its classical nod to the past.[12]
Sam Vaknin, a former adviser to Nikola Gruevski, has stated that the project is not anti-Greek or anti-Bulgarian, but anti-Albanian. In an interview, he said "Antiquisation has a double goal, which is to marginalise the Albanians and create an identity that will not allow Albanians to become Macedonians."[10] The project, however, later included depictions of ethnic Albanians in the monuments including Nexhat Agolli, Josif Bageri, and Pjetër Bogdani, as well as others on the Art Bridge, and includes the construction of Skanderbeg Square.
Architects have criticized the aesthetics of the project and believe the money could have been spent on constructing modern buildings.[5] It has also been described as nationalist kitsch.[13]
Plans
Bridges
New bridge constructions
Art Bridge
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The Skopje 2014 project calls for two new pedestrian bridges to be built across the Vardar in the centre of the city. One is the Art Bridge, which is being constructed between the Freedom Bridge and the also under-construction Eye Bridge. It is expected to cost 2.5 million euros. The bridge will include 29 sculptures, with 14 at each end and one in the centre. It will be 83 metres (272.3 feet) in length and 9.2 m (30.2 ft) in width, while the central part of the bridge will be 12 m (39.4 ft) wide.[14]
Eye Bridge
The other bridge being constructed as part of the project is the Eye Bridge. Situated between the Stone Bridge and the under-construction Art Bridge, it began construction in 2011. The pedestrian bridge will include 28 sculptures and will cost around 1.5 million euros.[15]
Existing bridge renovations
Freedom Bridge
The project also includes plans to renovate existing bridges in central Skopje, one of which is the Freedom Bridge, which connects Vojvoda Vasil Adžilarski Street in Centar Municipality to Stiv Naumov Street in Čair Municipality. First constructed in 1936, the renovation began in 2011 and is expected to be completed in May, 2014. The total cost will be roughly 1.15 million euros.[16]
Goce Delčev Bridge
The renovation of the Goce Delčev Bridge, which connects Ilinden Boulevard in Centar to Goce Delčev Boulevard in Čair across the Vardar, began on April 11, 2011[17] and finished later in the year. The renovation included new gold-coloured fencing and 26 lampposts. The project cost roughly 500,000 euros, including 60,000 euros for the new lighting.[18] Four statues depicting lions, two at each end, were also placed on the bridge in 2010. The ones on the western side were cast in Florence and cost 1.5 million euros.[19]
Revolution Bridge
The Revolution Bridge, first built in 1963 across the Vardar connecting Kočo Racin Boulevard in Centar to Krste Misirkov Boulevard in Čair, was also renovated as part of the Skopje 2014 project. It began on December 9, 2010 and was completed in May, 2011. The renovation included basic repairs as well as the installation of 22 lampposts and iron-wrought fencing. The renovation cost 450,000 euros.[20]
Cultural buildings
Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra hall
Notable in Skopje 2014 for its bold modern architecture as opposed to the usual neoclassical style seen in the project, the under-construction concert hall to house the Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra is one of the first buildings to begin construction in the project, with the cornerstone having been laid in June 2009. The exterior of the building is nearing completion. The concert hall is planned to have excellent acoustics and will have a capacity of 900 seats.[21]
Museum of Archaeology
The Museum of Archaeology began construction in 2009 and is expected to be formally opened in September, 2014.[22] Although the building will primarily serve as a museum, it will also house the Constitutional Court and the National Archive of the Republic of Macedonia. It is situated on the eastern bank of the Vardar, across the river from Macedonia Square. The exterior of the museum is almost complete, as of June 2012, and is among the more monumental buildings of the project, with its Greek Revival architecture.[23] VMRO-DPMNE, the ruling party, states the budget for the construction as 436,000,000 denars.[24]
Museum of the Macedonian Struggle
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The Museum of the Macedonian Struggle for Statehood and Independence − Museum of VMRO and Museum of the Victims of the Communist Regime exhibits the strive for an independent Macedonian nation from the Ottoman Empire and later Yugoslavia. It is divided into 16 departments and includes over 100 wax figures of historical individuals. The museum lies on the eastern bank of the Vardar River just northwest of the Museum of Archaeology, opposite Macedonia Square. Construction began in June 2008 and it formally opened on September 10, 2011. The total cost of the museum, which covers 2,500 m2 (26,909.8 ft2), was roughly 10 million euros.[25]
National Theatre
The former National Theatre destroyed in the 1963 Skopje earthquake will be completely reconstructed, as part of the Skopje 2014 project. Construction of the building, however, began in December 2007, three years before the official announcing of Skopje 2014. Construction was originally planned to be completed in 2009, though it ended up being completed a few years after.[26] The theatre stands on its original location on the eastern bank of the Vardar. The cost is estimated to be at least 6 million euros[27] and may be as high as 30 million euros.[1]
Façade reconstructions
The Skopje 2014 project also includes plans to transform the façades of existing buildings in central Skopje into the neoclassical style. This includes the following buildings:
- Buildings along Dimitrija Čupovski Street[28]
- Buildings along Macedonia Street[28]
- Buildings along Nikola Vapcarov Street[28]
- Buildings around Macedonia Square[29]
- City Trade Center[30]
- Department of Transport and Communications Building, located on Karpoš's Rebellion Square.[31]
- Government of the Republic of Macedonia building. The new façade appearance choice for this building was made by the Macedonian public through online votes on the government's website. There were five choices and the neoclassical choice won a plurality.[32]
- MEPSO Building, located north of Macedonia Square.[33]
- Ministry of Justice building[22]
- Parliament building. The renovation of the Parliament also includes the construction of cupolas atop the building.[34]
Government buildings
The following are new buildings being constructed to house various governmental functions.
Agency for Electronic Communications
The cornerstone for the new building to house the Agency for Electronic Communications was laid on 30 March 2011. It is being constructed on the eastern bank of the Vardar in between two other Skopje 2014 buildings, the Museum of Archaeology and the Financial Police Building.[35]
The total cost of the building's construction is around 8.5 million euros, which the government claims will be fully funded by the Agency's budget. It is expected to be completed in 15 months or by the late summer of 2012.[36]
Criminal Court Building
A new Criminal Court Building is being constructed as part of the project. The cornerstone for the building was laid on 25 May 2010. The building, 10 stories tall, has been topped out. In it will be 74 judicial offices, 22 high courts, and 2 large courtrooms. The 2-story basement will contain parking. The building, reported to cost 8.3 million euros, was planned to be completed after 18 months of construction.[37]
Financial Police Building
On 11 October 2010 the cornerstone for the new building to house the Financial Police of the Republic of Macedonia was laid. The site is located between the new Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the new Agency for Electronic Communications. The building, currently several months from completion, is cylindrical in shape and is capped by a dome-shaped roof. The total cost of construction will be roughly 13 million euros.[38]
Ministry of Finance
The government, in March 2011, invested 8.9 million euros into transforming an abandoned uncompleted building in central Skopje into a new home for the Ministry of Finance. Like the other governmental buildings in Skopje 2014, it will have a neoclassical appearance. Though it was scheduled to be completed in the first quarter of 2012, the building remains far from completion.[39]
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Construction of the new Ministry of Foreign Affairs building began in January 2010. It is located on the eastern bank of the Vardar between the Financial Police Building and Stiv Naumov Street. It will have two basement levels, seven above-ground levels, and a terrace atop the building. The building, which is nearly complete on the exterior, stands at a height of 27 m (88.6 ft) and will have costed 13.5 million euros when completed.[40]
New City Hall
A new city hall for Skopje is being constructed below the Kale Fortress, on the eastern bank of the Vardar. It is being constructed, as most other buildings in the project, in the neoclassical style and will cost roughly 15 million euros. It will be 21 m (68.9 ft) tall, with six above-ground floors.[41]
Old City Hall
Although a new city hall for Skopje is being constructed, the former one destroyed in the 1963 Skopje earthquake will be fully reconstructed, as part of the Skopje 2014 project. It will be built on its original location at the north side of Macedonia Square, to the west of the Vardar Quay. A Greek investor will be building the Old City Hall, as well as a Marriott Hotel to the immediate left of the building, after purchasing the land in March 2011.[42]
Water Management Building
Among the buildings being constructed below the Kale Fortress on the eastern bank of the Vardar is the Water Management Building. Construction of the building began in December 2011. It is expected to be completed in 3 years at a cost of 10 million euros.[43][44]
Monuments
Justinian I
The monument of Justinian I, born in Tauresium just outside modern Skopje, arrived at Macedonia Square on June 16, 2011. Similar to the monument of Tsar Samuil, also on Macedonia Square, it consists of Justinian I sitting on a throne, which is placed on a pedestal. The monument is made of white marble with the exception of the bronze reliefs on the pedestal, also characteristics it shares with the Tsar Samuil monument. The pedestal is 3.5 m (11.5 ft) tall, while Justinian upon his throne measures a further 5 m (16.4 ft) in height.
The monument sits just north of the Stone Bridge, at the western bank of the Vardar River. It was made in Florence and cost over 1 million euros.[45]
Mother Teresa
The construction of a monument consisting of a statue of Skopje native Mother Teresa and a fountain is planned. The monument will be located near the MEPSO building, which is north of Macedonia Square near the Vardar Quay, though location on the roundabout near the Goce Delčev Bridge is also a possibility. It is planned to stand around 30 m (98.4 ft) in height, even taller than the Warrior on a Horse monument.
It has been reported that a donation from India will fund the construction of the new Mother Teresa monument, who is already memorialized in the city with the Memorial House of Mother Teresa and a plaque marking the spot of her birth.[46]
Pavilion at Macedonia Square
The Pavilion at Macedonia Square is situated on the north side of Macedonia Square. Construction began in early 2011 and was completed later that year at a cost of 350,000 euros.[47] The pavilion consists of a dome supported by several columns, covering a statue of a romantic couple.
Porta Macedonia
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One of the main symbols of the project is Porta Macedonia, a triumphal arch situated on 11 October Street, near Macedonia Square. The arch is meant to commemorate the long struggle for Macedonian independence. It is 21 m (68.9 ft) tall and contains 32 reliefs carved on the outside, depicting events from pre-history to the independence of the Republic of Macedonia. The inside of the arch consists of two levels, in which a souvenir shop and a gallery are located, and a rooftop observation deck. It formally opened to the public on Christmas Eve, January 6, 2012. The construction of Porta Macedonia is estimated at 4.5 million euros.[48]
Tsar Samuil
The monument to Samuel of Bulgaria is among the new focal points of Macedonia Square. Officially unveiled on 28 June 2011, it is situated in front of the Pelister building, to the right of where Macedonia Street meets Macedonia Square.[49]
The monument, mostly in white marble, consists of a depiction of Tsar Samuil sitting on a throne, totaling 5 m (16.4 ft) in height, and is placed on a pedestal which itself is a further 3.5 m (11.5 ft) tall. The reliefs on the sides of the pedestal are bronze. Tsar Samuil, in the monument, holds a scepter. Made in Florence, the total cost of the Tsar Samuil monument was roughly 3.5 million euros.[50]
Warrior
On the opposite side of the Stone Bridge from Macedonia Square is Karpoš's Rebellion Square, which serves as a main entrance to the Old Bazaar. It is undergoing a major reconstruction, as part of Skopje 2014, and its new centerpiece will be the statue and fountain officially named "Warrior," though it is widely believed that the statue is a depiction of Philip II of Macedon, not to be confused with the equestrian statue of Philip II in Skopje's Avtokomanda neighborhood. The statue was placed onto the square on 22 May 2012, though the monument remains under construction.
Made in Vicenza, the statue is 15 m (49.2 ft) tall and is placed on a 13 m (42.7 ft) tall pedestal. The entire monument will cost roughly 2 million euros.[51]
Warrior on a Horse
Perhaps the main symbol of the Skopje 2014 project is the Warrior on a Horse (Macedonian: Воин на коњ) statue and fountain in the centre of Macedonia Square. It is typically thought to depict Alexander the Great, though it is not officially named for him. The statue was sculpted by Valentina Stefanovska (Валентина Каранфилова Стевановска) and cast in Florence. "Alexander" was officially completed on September 8, 2011 to commemorate 20 years of the independence of the Republic of Macedonia.
The bronze sculpture is 14.5 m (47.6 ft) tall and it sits on a cylindrical column, which itself is 10 m (32.8 ft) in height. The column consists of three large ivory sections, each separated by a thinner bronze ring. Each section contains reliefs. The column stands in a fountain. At the base of the column are 8 bronze soldiers, each 3 m (9.8 ft) tall. There are also 8 bronze lions, each 2.5 m (8.3 ft) tall, around the edges of the fountain pool, four of which act as part of the fountain, releasing water from their mouths. The fountain also plays music.[52]
The total cost of the Warrior on a Horse monument is roughly 7.5 million euros.[53]
Other monuments
Aside from the major monuments in the Skopje 2014 above, many other ones have been erected, or are planned to be erected in the city. These include the following:
| Person/group depicted |
Estimated cost (€) |
Location | Reference | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nexhat Agolli | Žena Borec Park |
|
||
| Todor Aleksandrov | 350,000 | Češma Park, Municipality of Kisela Voda |
|
|
| Metodija Andonov-Čento | 800,000 | Macedonia Square, in front of Trend building |
|
100px |
| ASNOM | 1.9 million | Žena Borec Park, across 11 October Street from Parliament Building |
|
100px |
| Josif Bageri | in front of National Theatre |
|
||
| Gemidzii | 970,000 | Macedonia Square, on Vardar Quay |
|
100px |
| Pjetër Bogdani | Macedonia Square, near end of Stone Bridge |
|
||
| Vasil Čakalarov | 330,000 | at intersection of Metropolitan Theodosius Gologanov Boulevard and Kosturski Heroi Street |
|
100px |
| Dimitrija Čupovski | 80,000 – 141,000 | Macedonia Square |
|
100px |
| Defenders of Macedonia (Fallen soldiers of the Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia) |
232,800 – 320,000 | Žena Borec Park |
|
 |
| Goce Delčev | 850,000 | Macedonia Square, at end of Stone Bridge |
|
100px |
| Dame Gruev | 850,000 | Macedonia Square, at end of Stone Bridge |
|
100px |
| Pitu Guli | 118,192 | opposite the Parliament Building, Žena Borec Park |
|
|
| Fallen Heroes of Macedonia | 2.3 million | Žena Borec Park |
|
100px |
| Founders of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization | 1.2 million | Žena Borec Park |
|
100px |
| Fountain of the Mothers of Macedonia | Karpoš's Rebellion Square |
|
100px | |
| Horses Fountain | Karpoš's Rebellion Square |
|
100px | |
| Kuzman Josifovski-Pitu | near Defenders of Macedonia monument |
|
100px | |
| Nikola Karev | 715,000 | in front of Parliament Building |
|
100px |
| Karpoš | 540,000 | eastern bank of Vardar, in front of Museum of Archaeology |
|
 |
| Krste Misirkov | 170,000 – 180,000 | Krste Misirkov Park, near Appellate Court |
|
100px |
| Gjorče Petrov | 350,000 | Municipality of Gjorče Petrov |
|
100px |
| Philip II of Macedon | 330,000 | Avtokomanda |
|
100px |
| Dimitar Popgeorgiev | 67,000 | Macedonia Square, in front of Narodna Banka Building |
|
100px |
| Gjorgji Pulevski | 142,000 | eastern bank of Vardar, in front of Museum of the Macedonian Struggle, just north of Stone Bridge |
|
100px |
| Saints Clement and Naum of Ohrid | 580,000 | eastern bank of Vardar, at end of Stone Bridge |
|
100px |
| Saints Cyril and Methodius | 540,000 | eastern bank of Vardar, at end of Stone Bridge |
|
 |
| Jane Sandanski | 250,000 | Municipality of Aerodrom |
|
100px |
| Boris Sarafov | near the Ministry of Foreign Affairs |
|
100px | |
| Pavel Šatev | near the City Trade Center and Porta Macedonia |
|
||
| Hristo Tatarčev | near intersection of Dimitrija Čupovski and 11 October Streets, near Porta Macedonia |
|
100px | |
| Hristo Uzunov | 120,000 | opposite Ministry of Justice, on Dimitrija Čupovski Street |
|
100px |
Miscellaneous
Docked boats in Vardar River
The first of four boats to house restaurants and cafes on the Vardar River opened in July 2014. The boats are erected into the riverbed and, thus, will remain in their planned spots permanently. The boats, all to be situated in central Skopje, were intended to be in the Baroque style.[75]
Ferris wheel
The erection of a Ferris wheel is foreseen on the Vardar River. It will require the construction of a new pedestrian bridge, to run from the Museum of the Macedonian Struggle to the MEPSO Building, upon which it will stand. No final plan for the project has been approved.[76]
Fountains in Vardar River
The addition of fountains on the Vardar River was planned early on in the project. They were completed in 2010. The fountains have been criticized for reportedly releasing mud, as well as for acting as a filter for trash flowing down the river.[77]
Kale Fortress reconstruction
Director of Cultural Heritage and archaeologist Pasko Kuzman has announced a plan to restore and reconstruct the Kale Fortress. The plan also includes the construction of a museum to house Byzantine archaeological finds from the fortress, as well as reconstructions of a prehistoric house and an Ottoman guard tower to be built on the place of their ruins. Souvenir shops and cafes are also foreseen additions. The most controversial part of the restoration of the fortress is the construction of a church, which has been protested by ethnic Albanians.[78]
Karpoš's Rebellion Square reconstruction
Karpoš's Rebellion Square is situated opposite the Vardar River of Macedonia Square and is undergoing a significant reconstruction. Plans include the erection of a statue and fountain depicting Phillip II of Macedon, though officially named "Warrior," at the far northeast side of the square. Another monument consisting of a fountain and statues representing the Mothers of Macedonia is being constructed in front of the Warrior monument. In front of this will be two monuments, also consisting of a fountain and statues, depicting horses. The two will be situated on either side of the entrance to the square from the Stone Bridge.[79]
Office building on Macedonia Square
A new office building was constructed on the south side of Macedonia Square, on the Vardar Quay. It stands on the same place as the former headquarters of the National Bank, which was destroyed in the 1963 Skopje earthquake. The new office building is similar in shape to the former bank building, though it is not in the neoclassical style, which also makes it somewhat unique in the Skopje 2014 project.[80]
Skanderbeg Square construction
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An existing statue of Skanderbeg, an important historical figure to ethnic Albanians, will be the main fixture of an under construction square that will bear his name in Skopje's Čair Municipality. The square's total cost is estimated at around 10 million euros and is expected to be completed in 2014. The square will cover 28,000 m2 (301,389 ft2) and will extend from Macedonian Philharmonic and Macedonian Opera to the Old Bazaar. This will require building a portion of the square on top of Goce Delčev Boulevard. Aside from plenty of open space, the square will contain an amphitheatre, a fountain, and underground parking.[81][82]
Other
Other components of Skopje 2014 include the following:
- Three willow trees planted in the Vardar River in central Skopje.[83]
- Two boats to be docked in central Skopje on either bank of the Vardar River to house restaurants.[84]
- The restoration of buildings in the historic Old Bazaar.[85][86]
- Hotels, including a Marriott Hotel under construction on Macedonia Square.[87]
- Parking garages.[88]
See also
References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skopje 2014. |
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
- Pages with reference errors
- Articles containing Macedonian-language text
- Pages with broken file links
- Commons category link is defined as the pagename
- Buildings and structures in Skopje
- Macedonian culture
- Neoclassical architecture
- Baroque architecture
- Propaganda art
- Political art
- 21st century in Skopje
- Politics of the Republic of Macedonia
- Monuments and memorials in the Republic of Macedonia
- Proposed buildings and structures in the Republic of Macedonia
- Macedonian nationalism
- 21st-century controversies
- 2014 in the Republic of Macedonia
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