The Singular Primordial Preon Theory

The Singular Primordial Preon Theory is a preon model formulated by John Skieswanne and which aims at bringing a solution to many unsolved problems of the Standard Model, including the nature of dark matter.

The Singular Primodrial Preon Theory proposes that all observed particles are built of a single master preon (and of its antiparticle).

History

As with most preon models, the main motivation behind the SPP Theory was the principle of Reductionism, in other words, the ability to model the Standard Model using the least number of particles possible. The Singular Primordial Preon Theory employs only one preon (noted "a", and charged +1/6e) and its antipreon (noted "b" and charged -1/6e) to model all observed fermions and even bosons of the Standard Model.

The first version of the hypothesis could originally only model particles' elecric charges, and decay modes. Using a blind, "shotgun" approach, Skieswanne methodically eliminated every permutations possibilities until only the one which satisfied the most Occam's Razor remained.

A few months later Skieswanne announced an update (Pillar 2) to his model. He proposed the famous octahedron-shaped amplitude wave; giving the model the ability to model generations, meson beam oscillation, electroweak cross-section, etc.

In 2016 Skieswanne identified the origin of colour charges, of the W boson mass, and realised that the model was predicting the existence of Dark Matter; and therefore brought the SPP Theory to its third and final version (Pillar 3).

Pillar One

Electric Charges

The preon composition of Standard Model particles, according to the Singular Primordial Preon Theory.

The Singular Primordial Preon Theory proposes that a single, master preon ("a", charged +1/6e), along with its antiparticle ("b" charged -1/6e), acts as the building blocks of the universe. The known, "elementary" particles would all be composed of six of such preons, and the ratio of "a" and "b" preons giving them their observed total charges.

• aaaaaa: positron (total charge: +e)
• aaaaab: up quark (total charge: +2/3e)
• aaaabb: down antiquark (total charge: +1/3e)
• aaabbb: neutrino, photons (total charge: 0e)
• aabbbb: down quark (total charge: -1/3e)
• abbbbb: up antiquark (total charge: -2/3e)
• bbbbbb: electron (total charge: -e)

Particles Decay

Positron-electron annihilation. On the left, the annihilation modelled as a standard Feynman diagram. On the right, a Feynman diagram of the same event, according to the SPP Theory.

One of the decay modelled by the SPP Theory as an example is matter/antimatter annihilation. The model shows a standard Feynman diagram of the phenomenon to be incomplete. The standard model shows a particle and an antiparticle meet up, then somewhat tranform into two photons. The SPP Theory shows a particle and an antiparticle exchange preons, in a process akin to genetic recombination. After exchange, the two then achieve charge neutrality, therefore becoming photons.

The model goes on to show how many different types of particles "decay" can be modelled as simple exchanges of preons.

Mathematical Proof of the Proposal

There exist 7 different electric charges values in the Standard Model: +e (positron), +2/3e (up quark), +1/3e (down antiquark), 0e (neutrino & photon), -1/3e (down quark), -2/3e (up antiquark), and -e (electron).

The amount of non-repeating permutations for a set with N preons of two species (preon + antipreon) can be given by,

P = N+1

N being the amount of preons in a particle, the SPP Theory proposes that N = 6. This is the only value that will yield seven permutations. In all instances where N is inferior to 6, the resulting amount of permutations will be inferior to the seven observed.

(N < 6)+1 = P < 7

Furthermore, the individual charge (e/N) of the species of preons will form permutation sums which are incompatible with observed particle charges.

• N=1: [+e, -e] (incompatible)
• N=2: [+e, 0, -e] (incompatible)
• N=3: [+e, +e/3, -e/3, -e] (incompatible)
• N=4: [+e, +e/2, 0, -e/2, -e] (incompatible)
• N=5: [+e, +3e/5, +e/5, -e/5, -3e/5, -e] (incompatible)

N=6 is the simplest set which yields seven permutations, and in whose permutations total charges match exactly observation:

N=6: [+e, +2e/3, +e/3, 0, -e/3, -2e/3, -e] (perfect match)

Pillar Two

The Octahedron Structure

Originally thought to form strings by default, the six preons of a particle were then proposed to form an octahedron.

In Standard Model particles, preons are proposed to form octahedrons.

The motivation for this configuration is the fact that any vertice of an octahedron is at equal distance from a neighbour vertice, and at equal distance from the center. This would place all preons at their lowest potential energy relative to the group's center, and thus it can be argued to be the most stable configuration possible.

Preons As Electric Dipoles

In Pillar 2 the concept of quanta is introduced to the preons themselves. Instead of being pictured as particles, as many preon model had done before, the preons are declared to be electric charge quanta.

The charge is directional; for the preon, the front and the top are charged +1/6e, the rear and the bottom are charged -1/6e, and the sides are neutral. In essence, the preon is effectively a dipole, solving the monopole problem. The front pole is the one with which the preon interacts with the world, the rear pole is aiming at the past and therefore does not interact with the surrounding. In the antipreon, the charges of the poles are reversed.

Spin of Particles

Because of the directional charge which preons carry, it is possible to make a distinction between neutrinos (preonic composition: 3a+3b) and photons (preonic composition: 3a+3b).

As a neutrino completes half a spin, its top value changes. A boson, which share a similar composition, however has a different sequence. And as it completes half a spin, its top value remains invariant.

Pillar Two proposes that the difference lies in the top and bottom preons of the particle. If they are the same, the vertical charge of the particle would reverse after half a spin. This will make the particle a fermion, that is, a 1/2 spin particle. If they are not the same, the vertical charge of the particle would not change after half a spin. This will make the particle a boson, that is, an integer spin particle.

Cause For the Three Generations of Particles

Whether only one preon, two preons or three preons are aligned with the particle's momentum direction will determine its generation.

The octahedral nature of particles have an important implication. It means that particles may travel on precisely three possible positions: Leading with a vertice (one preon), leading with an edge (two preons), or leading with a face (three preons). In Pillar Two, these three configurations are equated with the three observed generations of particles.

Solution to the Muon Anomalous Dipole Moment

A muon's electric dipole is not perfectly aligned with its momentum direction.

The muon is an electron of the second generation. According to Pillar Two, the muon travels with two preons on the lead. However, the entire particle's electric poles are aligned on only one of the preons. In the electron the preon of interest is aligned with the particle's momentum. But in the muon, the preon of interest is aimed slightly sideways relative to the particle's momentum. Which explains the anomalous moment observed, until now an unsolved problem in physics.

Cause for Neutrino Oscillation

Another unsolved problem in physics was the exact cause behind a neutrino's beam tendency to oscillate between generations.

Neutrino oscillation is caused by a precession of the particle's axis, causing it to shift between generations.

Pillar Two models the oscillation as a simple precession of the neutrino's axis as it travel in space. Since the precession alters the angle of the particle's octahedral structure, it makes the particle shift through generations.

Antimatter and CT Symmetry

Particles going back in time are equivalent to their own antiparticles.

Because the back of preons are of opposite charge than the front, particles going back in time are indistinguishable from the particle's antiparticle. An electron has a positive backside, which is aimed at the past and cannot interact. However, reversing time would make the particle's backside the new front side. It would thus behave exactly as a positron.

This is in direct support of the Feynman-Stueckelberg Interpretation, however it also has powerful implications, such as a solution for the kaon beam oscillation mystery.

Solution to the Kaon Beam Oscillation

Yet another problem in physics was the unknown cause behind the observed oscillation of a K⁰ meson beam. As this meson travels in space, it periodically switches between matter and antimatter.

As the meson rotates on itself, the backsides of the particles become the front sides, causing the particle to appear as their opposite.

This phenomenon is here explained as a simple rotation of the entire meson. As the meson travels in space, it rotates on itself, in such a manner that after 1/2 of its rotation, the backside of the particles are now aimed forward instead of at the past. This causes the quarks to reverse their charge signs, and appear as their matter or antimatter counterparts.

This actually implies a verifiable prediction by the Singular Primordial Preon Model: antimatter mass is of the same sign as that of matter.

Cause for the EMC Effect

The positions of preons are determined by a probability amplitude wave function.

An unsolved problem of physics was the EMC effect. The self-volume of an iron quark is larger than that of a deuteron quark. The octahedral amplitude wave may hold the answer. Pillar three proposes that constructive interference may be occuring in an iron nucleon, reinforcing the amplitude waves of the quarks there, whereas not as much interference would occur in an atom with less quarks, such as a deuteron.

Pillar Three

Correlation of Generations Mass and Inclination

A link can be found between the mass of generations and the proposal that particle generations are actually octahedrons with different inclinations.

The example of the electron, muon and tauon are given. The mass of the muon is 206.768284 times the electron, and the tauon is 3477.15015 times the electron. These apparently random values actually share a value - the value ~14. 206.768284^0.5 gives 14.3794396, whereas 3477.15015^0.333 gives 15.1498319. This coincidence is taken as supporting evidence that particles' generations are linked to a physical change of angle of the particles. The particle starts with a constant, but as its inclination is aimed at different dimension axis, the value gets affected to a power related to the particle's inclination.

Particle Inclination Correlation with Charge Radius

Another implication of the octahedral structure is that particles of the third generation will appear smaller, in frontal view, than particles of the first generation.

This is because of purely geometrical considerations. The diagonal of a square is larger than the side of a square. Therefore, Pillar Three also models electroweak cross-section size.

Particles of different generations have different electroweak cross-section sizes.

Taking the neutrino for example, the fermion with the lowest mass: Pillar Three models the electron neutrino to be 1.41 that of the tauon neutrino. This is close to the actual measured value of 1.78 (square root of 3.2 nanobars).

The Cause for the W Boson Virtuality, and for its Mass

Beta decay according to the Singular Primordial Preon Theory. Note the presence of the W- boson.

Pillar Three proposes that neutrinos, in beta decay, are not the result of the decay but the trigger of beta decay. Although in appearance counterintuitive, this proposition is not only supported by some observations, such as the observation that solar neutrinos may be affecting decay rate; but also enables Pillar Three to model the weak boson. Beta decay is modelled as the down quark and the antineutrino exchanging preons. The down quark (composition aabbbb) gives three preons (bbb) to the antineutrino (composition aaabbb), in exchange of three preons (aaa) from the antineutrino. As a result, the down quark becomes an up quark (composition aaaaab), and the antineutrino becomes an electron (composition bbbbbb).

The point where the exchanged preons (aaa and bbb) meet constitute a brief virtual particle in itself, that exists only for a moment in time. This virtual particle is the W boson.

Beta decay in the Standard Model. Note the neutrino going back in time as an effect of the weak interaction (standard interpretation) is equivalent to the neutrino going forward in time and causing the weak interaction (SPP Theory interpretation).

This version of beta decay is equivalent to the "mainstream" model of the event, by the Feynman-Stueckelberg Interpretation , in which the down quark is pictured emitting a W boson (and turning into an up quark), which then decays emitting a neutrino (and an electron), a neutrino that goes back in time (implying that this antineutrino was present along the down quark in the past).

The high mass of the W boson is caused by the famous "Mass Paradox", which states that individual preons are more massive than the particles they compose. Following the Mass Paradox, packets of three preons are way more massive than normal particles, which explains why the W boson, which is actually a group of two packets of three preons, is so massive.

The Mass of Preons

In fact, because beta decay is an event in which particles are split into packets of three preons, it is possible to use the mass data so to extrapolate the mass of individual preons.

In beta decay, the down quark particle and the antineutrino both exchange 3 preons with one another. In the precise moment of the exchange, the entire system is divided into four groups of three preons, an event which has been measured to 80,400 MeV. Divided by four, this means that a bunch of 3 preons is roughly 20,100 MeV on its own.

Given that 6 preons (taking the up quark as reference) is 2.4 MeV, and that 3 preons is 20,100 MeV, then the mass of a system with any number of preons could be naively computed using the formula,

SystemMass = ((6-x)/3)*(20100-2.4)

where x is the number of preons in the system. Using this formula, it can be found that a single preon would be 33,496 MeV.

This formula will have an implication in Dark Matter.

Colour Charges

Pillar Three proposes that a bit like DNA bases determine genetic properties, the possible sequences of preons inside a particle (e.g. aaabbb, bbabaa, ababab, aabbab, etc) will determine the particle's colour charge.

Pillar three identifies three "laws of colour" to distinguish the colours of any particles. First off, any patterns that would look the same upon rotation of the particle (on the lateral axis, that is, the spin axis) all belong to the same colour. Secondly, if there are more than one preon of the same species in minority, these must touch one another, as it is by groups of same-species preons that they came into the particle. Finally, if there are three preons of the same species in a particle, all three preons must be visible from the particle's side at some point during the particle's spin rotation, for it is by the side that they are exchanged.

Following those three rules, quarks are found to be forming three possible colours, which are equated to Red, Green and Blue colour charges.

Electrons form a single, exotic colour (dubbed "silver"), which does not interact with the quark's colours and thus can be considered as void.

Neutrinos form two possible colours, both unrelated to quarks or electrons. Dubbed "grey" and "antigrey", those two cannot interact with either the electrons or quarks and thus can be considered as void. However, the presence of two colour charges may indicate the presence of an antineutrino in addition to the neutrino. Which would mean that the model predicts that the neutrino is not its own antiparticle.

Finally, neutral bosons form two exotic configurations of their own, "opaque" and "antiopaque".

Offset in Particle Decay

Because of the nature of generations as described in Pillar Two, the model implies that the decay mode of some hadrons might deviate from the Standard Model. This implication has been supported by recent observations of B-mesons, whose decay has been observed to deviate from the Standard Model.

Preons As Dark Matter Candidates

All known particles are modelled as having six preons. However, the model predicts the existence of stable particles with four preons. Groups of five particles would be unstable (because of their inability to form a system in which the preons are at equal distance from one another), groups of three or less preons would merge to form 6-preons particles. Particles with four preons would be the only stable possibility (forming tetrahedrons configuration).

The SPP Theory predicts the existence of five dark matter particles. Only the neutral particle is assumed to have survived in its original state in our universe.

These new particles have interesting properties. They are super-massive, given the Mass Paradox. They do not form colours that can bind with normal matter, therefore they do not interact with the strong force. They are unable to emit light. They can however interact by exchanging preons, in other words, they can interact via the weak force. This profile is a strangely precise match with that of Dark Matter WIMPs.

One of the most probable scenarios: charged dark matter particles did not survive the Photon Epoch, leaving only neutral particles free to roam the universe.

Given the possible permutations, Pillar Three predicts five dark matter particles/antiparticles: obscure, lightless, invisible, antiobscure, and antilightless. However, given cosmological data, only "invisible" dark matter particles would still freely exist in the universe. Dark matter particles of this sort have zero electrc charge. The four others are assumed to have either annihilated with one another during the Photon Epoch, or have binded to form dark matter / dark antimatter "mesons", making them electrically neutral.

The mass of these dark matter particles can be estimated using the formula,

SystemMass = ((6-x)/3)*(20100-2.4)

Where x would here be equal to "4", since those particles would be 4-preons systems. The formula predicts that dark matter particles are about 13,400 MeV.

Because dark matter can still interact via the weak force, this solves the cuspy halo problem, as it would effectively be a form of Self-interacting dark matter. Higher density of dark matter would be balanced by higher interaction rate, making the density relatively constant across the galaxy.

Predictions from the Model

• Because of the proposed mechanism behind kaon oscillation, the model predicts that antimatter has mass of the same sign as that of matter. In other words, Dragan Hajdukovic's gravitational dipoles would not exist.

• The model predicts that the neutrino is not its own antiparticle. The model shows that a pseudo-colour, antigrey, is presumably associated with the existence of the antineutrino.

• The model predicts the existence of dark matter particles, with a mass of 13,400 MeV. This prediction has already received some supporting evidence, as recent observation of various active black holes spectrum all across the universe have shown a mysteriously recurring peak at about 13,400 MeV.

Criticism

The Singular Primordial Preon Theory has received opposition because of the fact it is a theory involving preons. Preons are a controversial topic in physics, partly because of the Mass Paradox. The Singular Primordial Preon Theory observes that the Mass Paradox may be solved by postulating the existence of a large binding force, cancelling the energies; however the SPP Theory fails to identify or even propose such a force. It has also been criticised for its severe lack of quantative propositions and predictions, instead relying heavily on empirical analysis. These have motivated some to call it a hypothesis, rather than an actual theory.

See Also

• Standard Model
• Rishon Model
• ABC Preon Model