Hodna Mountains

Hodna Mountains
جبل حضنة / Monts du Hodna
275px The southern slope of the Hodna Mountains rising behind the Beni Hammad Fort
Highest point
Peak	Djebel Tachrirt
Elevation	1902
Coordinates
Dimensions
Length	ESE/WNW
Width	NNE/SSW
Geography
Hodna Mountains
Country	Algeria
States/Provinces	M'Sila, Batna Province and Sétif Province
Parent range	Saharan Atlas
Geology
Orogeny	Alpine orogeny

File:Ouled Tebben vu des montagnes.jpg

Ouled Tebben

The Hodna Mountains (Arabic: جبال هدنة‎‎, French: Monts du Hodna) are a mountain massif in northeastern Algeria. It rises on the northern side of the Hodna natural region in the M'Sila Province near the town of Maadid, about 200 km southeast of Algiers. These mountains are one of the ranges of the Saharan Atlas, part of the Atlas Mountain System.

Geography and vegetation

Located south of Kabylie, the ridge is aligned in a roughly E-W direction between the Bibans in the northwest and the Belezma Range in the east. The highest peak, at 1,902 meters, is the Djebel Tachrirt; another important summit is 1,659 m high Djebel Guetiane, both located in the easternmost range of the Hodna chain already in Batna Province, towards the transition zone with the Aurès Mountains. The Maadid Range, the Kiyāna Range and the 'Aqqār Range are other subranges of the Hodna Mountains.

The Hodna Range has a zone of about 8,000 ha of natural cedar forest near Boutaleb growing in relatively xerophile conditions.

Water management

The former inhabitants of the Hodna Mountains built a complex system of water retention walls named jessour. They were built parallel to the level curves forming steps in the talwegs. On the northern slopes of the Djebel Tachrirt the walls were constructed above the ground level, allowing the snow to accumulate and to melt slowly in order to distribute the available water resulting from the snow melting period. Most of these traditional water management works are now in ruins.

History

Main article: Beni Hammad Fort

The Beni Hammad Fort or Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad (French: Kalâa des Béni Hammad) is the ruin of a fortified Muslim city belonging to the Hammadid dynasty that was built and settled in 1007 and abandoned in 1090. It is located on the southern slopes of the range and includes a 7 km-long line of walls. Inside the walls are four residential complexes, and the largest mosque built in Algeria after that of Mansourah, similar to the Grand Mosque of Kairouan, with a tall minaret (20 m). The remains of the emir's palace, known as Dal al-Bahr, include three separate residences separated by gardens and pavilions. Excavations of the area have brought to light numerous terracotta items, jewels, coins and ceramics, including a number of decorative fountains using the lion as a motif. In 1980 the Beni Hammad Fort was inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

In 945, as Abu Yazid besieged Sousse, Caliph al-Qa'im Bi-Amrillah died and was succeeded by his son al-Mansur. Under al-Mansur's leadership, the Fatimid forces recovered their position, first breaking the siege of Sousse and then driving Abū Yazīd's forces out of Kairouan back into the Aurès Mountains. In 947, the Fatimids finally defeated them in the Kiyana Mountains of this massif near what later became the Beni Hammad Fort.

Features

File:Qalaar.jpg Landscape of the Hodna Range along the Oued Fredj.

File:Kalâa des Béni Hammad.6.jpg View of one of the mountain slopes of the range.

File:Lefhahma(Ouled Tebben, Wilaya de Sétif).JPG Landscape of the Hodna Mountains at Ouled Tebben, a town located at the heart of the range.

See also

• Geography of Algeria
• Abu Yazid

External links

• Recueil des Notices et Memoires de la Societe Archeologique du Departement de Constantine
• Commune mixte des Maâdid puis sous-préfecture de Bordj Bou Arreridj (1861-1960)
• Jessour
• Histoire Et Archeologie de l'Afrique du Nord - Colloque 1983
• Geographie Militaire - Le Hodna