Indium(III) oxide
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Names | |
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Other names
indium trioxide, indium sesquioxide
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Identifiers | |
1312-43-2 ![]() |
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ChemSpider | 133007 ![]() |
Jmol 3D model | Interactive image |
PubChem | 150905 |
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Properties | |
In2O3 | |
Molar mass | 277.64 g/mol |
Appearance | yellowish green odorless crystals |
Density | 7.179 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 1,910 °C (3,470 °F; 2,180 K) |
insoluble | |
Band gap | ~3 eV (300 K) |
Structure | |
Cubic, space group Ia3 No. 206, cI80, a = 1.0117(1) nm, Z = 16[1] | |
Vapor pressure | {{{value}}} |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references | |
Indium(III) oxide (In2O3) is a chemical compound, an amphoteric oxide of indium.
Contents
Physical properties
Crystal structure
Amorphous indium oxide is insoluble in water but soluble in acids, whereas crystalline indium oxide is insoluble in both water and acids.[2] The crystalline form exist in two phases, the cubic (bixbyite type)[1] and rhombohedral (corundum type). Both phases have a band gap of about 3 eV.[3][4] The parameters of the cubic phase are listed in the infobox. The rhombohedral phase is produced at high temperatures and pressures or when using non-equilibrium growth methods.[5] It has a space group R3c No. 167, Pearson symbol hR30, a = 0.5487 nm, b = 0.5487 nm, c = 0.57818 nm, Z = 6 and calculated density 7.31 g/cm3.[6]
Conductivity and magnetism
Thin films of chromium-doped indium oxide (In2-xCrxO3) are a magnetic semiconductor displaying high-temperature ferromagnetism, single-phase crystal structure, and semiconductor behavior with high concentration of charge carriers. It has possible applications in spintronics as a material for spin injectors.[7]
Thin polycrystalline films of indium oxide doped with Zn are highly conductive (conductivity ~105 S/m) and even superconductive at helium temperatures. The superconducting transition temperature Tc depends on the doping and film structure and is below 3.3 K.[8]
Synthesis
Bulk samples can be prepared by heating indium(III) hydroxide or the nitrate, carbonate or sulfate.[9] Thin films of indium oxide can be prepared by sputtering of indium target in argon/oxygen atmosphere. They can be used as diffusion barriers ("barrier metals") in semiconductors, e.g. to inhibit diffusion between aluminium and silicon.[10]
Monocrystalline nanowires were synthetized from indium oxide by laser ablation, allowing precise diameter control down to 10 nm. Field effect transistors were fabricated from those.[11] Indium oxide nanowires can serve as sensitive and specific redox protein sensors.[12] Sol-gel method is another way to prepare the nanowires.
Indium oxide can serve as a semiconductor material, forming heterojunctions with p-InP, n-GaAs, n-Si, and other materials. A layer of indium oxide on a silicon substrate can be deposited from an indium trichloride solution, a method useful for manufacture of solar cells.[13]
Reactions
When heated to 700 °C Indium(III) oxide forms In2O, (called indium(I) oxide or indium suboxide), at 2000 °C it decomposes.[9] It is soluble in acids but not in alkali.[9] With ammonia at high temperature indium nitride is formed [14]
- In2O3 +2NH3 → 2InN + 3H2O
With K2O and indium metal the compound K5InO4 containing tetrahedral InO45− ions was prepared.[15] Reacting with a range of metal trioxides produced perovskites[16] for example:- In2O3 +Cr2O3 -> 2InCrO3
Applications
Indium oxide is used in some types of batteries, thin film infrared reflectors transparent for visible light (hot mirrors), some optical coatings, and some antistatic coatings. In combination with tin dioxide, indium oxide forms indium tin oxide (also called tin doped indium oxide or ITO), a material used for transparent conductive coatings.
In semiconductors, indium oxide can be used as an n-type semiconductor used as a resistive element in integrated circuits.[17]
In histology, indium oxide is used as a part of some stain formulations.
See also
References
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- ↑ Indium Oxide
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- ↑ Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0123526515
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