Juncus acutus
| Juncus acutus | |
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| Spiny rush | |
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J. acutus
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| Binomial name | |
| Juncus acutus[1] |
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Juncus acutus or spiny rush, sharp rush or sharp-pointed rush is of the monocot family Juncaceae and genus Juncus. It grows in salt marshes[2] and on dunes[3] and is reliable for reducing erosion rates[4] yet, in some countries like Australia it is considered to be an invasive weed[5] and the spines harmful to young children.[6]
Contents
Synonyms
- Juncus acutus ssp. leopoldii (Parl.) Snog. -- Leopold's Rush[7]
- Juncus acutus L. var. sphaerocarpus Engelm.[8]
- Juncus acutus L. subsp. acutus
- Juncus spinosus Forssk. [9]
- Juncus acutus ssp. leopoldii also known as Leopold's rush is a native of Arizona, California, Georgia and Nevada.[1][8]
- Juncus acutus L. var. conglobatus Trautv.
- Juncus acutus L. var. decompositus Guss.
- Juncus acutus L. var. longibracteatus Buchenau[10]
Description
Juncus acutus is a brown and green[11] "tussocky"[6] perennial that can be to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft)[11] tall in all kinds of soils,[12] in areas which go from extremes in flood and dry like dunes[3] or that just stay wet like lowland grassland and grassy woodland, riparian vegetation, freshwater wetland, and saline and subsaline wetlands.[13]
- Stems and leaves
- Pith filled stems and leaves arise from the base at different angles giving the plant a globe shape. The leaves form a basal sheath around the flower stem leaves and end with a stiff sharp point.[6]
- Flowers
- The 2 millimetres (0.079 in) to 4 millimetres (0.16 in) diameter and 4 centimetres (1.6 in) to 13 centimetres (5.1 in) long flower stems are similar to leaves and emerge from the base at all angles and each have 1 - 6 flowers. Each flower has 6 stamens and 4 centimetres (1.6 in) to 25 centimetres (9.8 in) long bracts that terminate in a stiff and sharp point.[6] The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by the wind.[12]
- Fruits and reproduction
- Fruits are oval 3-celled brown capsules 4 millimetres (0.16 in) to 6 millimetres (0.24 in). The 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in) to 2 millimetres (0.079 in) long brown seeds have a tail at each end.[6]
- Roots
- Short[6] and robust rhizomes.[11]
Distribution
Found principally in low-lying damp, low fertility areas[13] like sandy sea shores and dune slacks and coastal flats,[13] occasionally in salt marshes[12] and disturbed saline areas, mine dumps, lowland grassland and grassy woodland, riparian vegetation, freshwater wetland, and saline and subsaline wetlands[13]
- Palearctic:
- Northern Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco
- Western Asia: Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey
- Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
- Northern Europe: United Kingdom
- Southeastern Europe: Albania, Crete, Greece, Italy, Kosovo, Montenegro, Sardinia, Serbia, Sicily
- Southwestern Europe: Azores, Balearic Islands, Corsica, France, Portugal, Spain
- Nearctic:
- Northern America: Baja Norte[1]
Community species
- In Brazil, J. Acutus has been observed on the Santa Catarina coast living in communities with:
- In a natural shallow depression in the Murray River floodplain in South Australia:
- Muehlenbeckia florulenta
- Atriplex semibaccata
- Halosarcia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata
- Mimulus repens
- Ludwigia peploides ssp. montevidensis
- Phragmites australis
- Paspalum vaginatum[14]
Chemistry
The dimeric phenanthrenoid 8,8'-bidehydrojuncusol and the monomeric juncusol[15] and dehydrojuncusol can be isolated from J. acutus.[16]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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External links
Media related to Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. at Wikimedia Commons 
Data related to Juncus acutus at Wikispecies
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