Template:Infobox ruthenium

Ruthenium,  ₄₄Ru

General properties
Name, symbol	ruthenium, Ru
Appearance	silvery white metallic
Pronunciation	/ruːˈθiːniəm/ roo-THEE-nee-əm
Ruthenium in the periodic table
Fe ↑ Ru ↓ Os technetium ← ruthenium → rhodium
Atomic number (Z)	44
Group, block	group 8, d-block
Period	period 5
Element category	transition metal
Standard atomic weight (±) (Ar)	101.07(2)
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d7 5s1
per shell	2, 8, 18, 15, 1
Physical properties
Melting point	2607 K ​(2334 °C, ​4233 °F)
Boiling point	4423 K ​(4150 °C, ​7502 °F)
Density near r.t.	12.45 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	10.65 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	38.59 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	619 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.06 J/(mol·K)
vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 2588 2811 3087 3424 3845 4388
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	-4, -2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ​(a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.2
Ionization energies	1st: 710.2 kJ/mol 2nd: 1620 kJ/mol 3rd: 2747 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 134 pm
Covalent radius	146±7 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod	5970 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	6.4 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	117 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	71 nΩ·m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Young's modulus	447 GPa
Shear modulus	173 GPa
Bulk modulus	220 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.30
Mohs hardness	6.5
Brinell hardness	2160 MPa
CAS Number	7440-18-8
History
Naming	after Ruthenia (Latin for: medieval Kyivska Rus' region)
Discovery and first isolation	Karl Ernst Claus (1844)
Most stable isotopes of ruthenium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 96Ru 5.52% >6.7×1016 y (β+β+) 2.7188 96Mo 97Ru syn 2.9 d ε – 97Tc γ 0.215, 0.324 – 98Ru 1.88% – (SF) <11.690 – 99Ru 12.7% – (SF) <12.368 – 100Ru 12.6% – (SF) <13.634 – 101Ru 17.0% – (SF) <13.205 – 102Ru 31.6% – (SF) <12.049 – 103Ru syn 39.26 d β− 0.226 103Rh γ 0.497 – 104Ru 18.7% – (β−β−) 1.2997 104Pd 106Ru syn 373.59 d β− 0.039 106Rh
Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.