LGBT culture

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Six-colored flag: red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple
The rainbow flag, often used as a symbol for LGBT culture

LGBT culture or LGBTQI culture is a culture shared by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning and intersex people. It is sometimes referred to as queer culture (indicating people who are queer), while the term gay culture may be used to mean "LGBTQI culture," or to refer specifically to homosexual male culture.

LGBT culture varies widely by geography and the identity of the participants. Elements common to cultures of gay, lesbian, bisexual transgender and intersex people include:

Not all LGBT people identify with LGBT culture; this may be due to geographic distance, unawareness of the subculture's existence, fear of social stigma or a preference for remaining unidentified with sexuality- or gender-based subcultures or communities. The Queercore and Gay Shame movements critique what they see as the commercialization and self-imposed "ghettoization" of LGBTQI culture.[1][2]

In some cities (especially in North America), some LGBTQI people live in gay villages: neighborhoods with a high proportion of gay residents. LGBT communities organize events celebrating their culture, such as Pride parades, Gay Games and Southern Decadence.

Gay male culture

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Main category: Male homosexuality

According to Herdt, "homosexuality" was the main term used until the late 1950s and early 1960s; after that, a new "gay" culture emerged. "This new gay culture increasingly marks a full spectrum of social life: not only same-sex desires but gay selves, gay neighbors, and gay social practices that are distinctive of our affluent, postindustrial society".[3]

During the 19th and early 20th centuries gay culture was covert, relying on secret symbols and codes woven into an overall straight context. Gay influence in early America was primarily limited to high culture. The association of gay men with opera, ballet, couture, fine cuisine, musical theater, the Golden Age of Hollywood and interior design began with wealthy homosexual men using the straight themes of these media to send their own signals. In the heterocentric Marilyn Monroe film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, a musical number features Jane Russell singing "Anyone Here for Love" in a gym while muscled men dance around her. The men's costumes were designed by a man, the dance was choreographed by a man and the dancers (as gay screenwriter Paul Rudnick points out) "seem more interested in each other than in Russell"; however, her presence gets the sequence past the censors and works it into an overall heterocentric theme.[4]

After the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City, gay male culture was publicly acknowledged for the first time. A group of seven gay men formed The Violet Quill, a literary club focused on writing about the gay experience as a normal plotline instead of a "naughty" sideline in a mostly straight story. An example is the novel A Boy's Own Story by Edmund White. In this first volume of a trilogy, White writes as a young homophilic narrator growing up with a corrupt and remote father. The young man learns bad habits from his straight father, applying them to his gay existence.

Female celebrities such as Liza Minnelli, Jane Fonda and Bette Midler spent a significant amount of their social time with urban gay men (who were now popularly viewed as sophisticated and stylish by the jet set), and more male celebrities (such as Andy Warhol) were open about their relationships. Such openness was still limited to the largest and most-progressive urban areas (such as New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Atlanta, Miami, Boston, Washington DC, New Orleans, and Philadelphia), however, until AIDS forced several popular celebrities out of the closet due to their illness with what was known at first as the "gay cancer".[5]

Elements identified more closely with gay men than with other groups include:

There are a number of subcultures within gay male culture, such as bears and chubbies. There are also subcultures with an historically large gay-male population, such as leather and SM. Gay critic Michael Musto opined, "I am a harsh critic of the gay community because I feel that when I first came out I thought I would be entering a world of nonconformity and individuality and, au contraire, it turned out to be a world of clones in a certain way. I also hated the whole body fascism thing that took over the gays for a long time."[7]

Relationships

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See also: Same-sex relationship
A monogamous homosexual couple kissing.

Some U.S. studies have found that the majority of gay male couples are in monogamous relationships. Research by Colleen Hoffon of 566 gay male couples from the San Francisco Bay Area funded by the National Institute of Mental Health found that 45 percent were in monogamous relationships. Gay actor Neil Patrick Harris has remarked, "I'm a big proponent of monogamous relationships regardless of sexuality, and I'm proud of how the nation is steering toward that."[8]

During the 1980s and 1990s, Sean Martin drew a comic strip (Doc and Raider) which featured a gay couple living in (or near) Toronto's Gay Village. His characters have recently been updated and moved to the Web. Although primarily humorous, the comic sometimes addressed issues such as gay-bashing, HIV and spousal abuse.

Online culture and communities

A number of online social websites for gay men have been established. Initially, these concentrated on sexual contact or titillation; typically, users were afforded a profile page, access to other members' pages, member-to-member messaging and instant-message chat. Smaller, more densely connected websites concentrating on social networking without a focus on sexual contact have been established. Some forbid all explicit sexual content; others do not.[9] A gay-oriented retail online couponing site has also been established.[10]

Recent research suggests that gay men primarily make sense of familial and religious challenges by developing online peer supports (i.e., families of choice) in contrast to their family allies' focus on strengthening existing family of origin relationships via online information exchanges. Participants' reported online sociorelational benefits largely contradict recent research indicating that online use may lead to negative mental health outcomes.[11]

Lesbian culture

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See also: Labrys and Black triangle (badge)

As with gay men, lesbian culture includes elements from the larger LGBTQI culture and those specific to the lesbian community. Primarily associated with lesbians in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and North America, they include large, predominantly lesbian events such as the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival[12] and the Club Skirts Dinah Shore Weekend.[13][14] Lesbian culture has its own icons, such as Melissa Etheridge, k.d. lang (butch), Ellen DeGeneres (androgynous) and Portia de Rossi (femme).

Lesbian culture since the late 20th century has been entwined with the evolution of feminism. Lesbian separatism is an example of a lesbian theory and practice identifying specifically lesbian interests and ideas and promoting a specific lesbian culture.[15][16][17] Older stereotypes of lesbian women stressed a dichotomy between "butch" women, or dykes (who adhered to male stereotypes) and "femmes", or lipstick lesbians (who followed female stereotypes), and considered the typical lesbian couple a butch-femme pair. While some lesbian women are still either "butch" or "femme," these categories are less rigid (and common) as lesbianism becomes normalized. Androgyny, while not new in lesbian culture, has been gaining momentum since the 80s punk scene through youth subcultures such as grunge, riot grrrl, emo, and most recently hipster.[18]

Bisexual culture

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See also: Bisexual community and Bisexual politics
Tricolor flag: wide horizontal pink and blue bars surrounding a narrower lavender bar
Bisexual pride flag

Bisexual culture emphasizes opposition to, or disregard of, fixed sexual and gender identity monosexism (discrimination against bisexual, fluid, pansexual and queer-identified people), bisexual erasure and biphobia (hatred or mistrust of non-monosexual people). Biphobia is common (although lessening) in the gay, lesbian and straight communities.[citation needed]

Many bisexual, fluid and pansexual people consider themselves to be part of the LGBTQI or queer community, despite any discrimination they may face. Western bisexual, pansexual and fluid culture also has its own touchstones, such as the books Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out (edited by Lani Ka'ahumanu and Loraine Hutchins), Bi: Notes for a Bisexual Revolution (by Shiri Eisner), and Getting Bi: Voices of Bisexuals Around the World (edited by Robyn Ochs); the British science fiction television series Torchwood and personalities (such as British singer and activist Tom Robinson, The Black Eyed Peas member Fergie, Scottish actor Alan Cumming and American performance artist and activist Lady Gaga.[citation needed]

The bisexual pride flag was designed by Michael Page in 1998 to give the community its own symbol, comparable to the gay pride flag of the mainstream LGBTQI community. The deep pink (or rose) stripe at the top of the flag represents same-gender attraction; the royal blue stripe at the bottom of the flag represents different-gender attraction. The stripes overlap in the central fifth of the flag to form a deep shade of lavender (or purple), representing attraction anywhere along the gender spectrum.[19] Celebrate Bisexuality Day has been observed on September 23 by members of the bisexual community and its allies since 1999.[20][21]

Transgender culture

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See also: List of transgender-related topics, Hijra (South Asia), and Two-spirit
Flag with five horizontal bars: white in center, surrounded by pink, surrounded by light blue
Transgender pride flag

The study of transgender and transsexual culture is complicated by the many ways in which cultures deal with sexual identity/sexual orientation and gender. For example, in many cultures people who are attracted to people of the same sex — that is, those who in contemporary Western culture would identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual — are classed as a third gender with people who would (in the West) be classified as transgender.

In the contemporary West there are different groups of transgender and transsexual people, such as groups for transsexual people who want sex reassignment surgery, male, heterosexual-only cross-dressers and Trans men's groups. Groups encompassing all transgender people, both trans men and trans women, have appeared in recent years.

Some transgender or transsexual women and men, however, do not identify as part of a specific "trans" culture. A distinction may be made between transgender and transsexual people who make their past known to others and those who wish to live according to their gender identity and not reveal their past (believing that they should be able to live normally in their true gender role, and control to whom they reveal their past).[22]

Customs and traditions

Transgender Day of Remembrance

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Main article: Transgender Day of Remembrance

The Transgender Day of Remembrance is held every year on November 20. This event is held in honor of Rita Hester (killed Nov. 28, 1998), a victim of an anti-transgender hate crime. TDOR serves a number of purposes:

  • memorializes all of those who have been victims of hate crimes and prejudice
  • raises awareness about hate crimes towards the transgender community
  • honor the lost ones and their relatives by expressing respect for each other[23]

Trans March

The Trans March is one of three protests held in San Francisco, California during "Pride Weekend" during the last weekend of June. Every year people from the transsexual community gather in San Francisco, CA to protest social justice and equality for them. In addition, through the march they strive to inspire everyone from the transsexual community to come out to an environment where power is shared and where one can feel safe and cared for. The event also hosts comedians, music, and dancing at the park. After parties are often followed after the event.[24]

Youth culture

Youth pride, an extension of the gay pride and LGBTQI social movements, promotes equality amongst young members (usually above the age of consent) of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual or transgender, intersex and questioning (LGBTQI) community.[25] The movement exists in many countries and focuses on festivals and parades, enabling many LGBTIQ youth to network, communicate, and celebrate their gender and sexual identities.[25] Youth Pride organizers also point to the value in building community and supporting young people, since they are more likely to be bullied.[26] Schools with a gay-straight alliance (GSA) handle discrimination and violence against LGBTQI youth better than schools without it; they develop community and coping skills, and give students a safe space to obtain health and safety information.[27] Sometimes the groups avoid labeling young people, preferring to let them identify themselves on their own terms "when they feel safe".[28]

Gay and lesbian youth have increased risks for suicide, substance abuse, school problems and isolation because of a "hostile and condemning environment, verbal and physical abuse, rejection and isolation from family and peers", according to a U.S. Task Force on Youth Suicide report.[29] Further, LGBTQI youths are more likely to report psychological and physical abuse by parents or caretakers, and more sexual abuse. Suggested reasons for this disparity are:

  • LGBTQI youths may be specifically targeted on the basis of their perceived sexual orientation or gender non-conforming appearance.
  • "...Risk factors associated with sexual minority status, including discrimination, invisibility, and rejection by family members...may lead to an increase in behaviors that are associated with risk for victimization, such as substance abuse, sex with multiple partners, or running away from home as a teenager."[30]

A 2008 study showed a correlation between the degree of parental rejection of LGB adolescents and negative health problems in the teenagers studied.[31] Crisis centers in larger cities and information sites on the Internet have arisen to help youth and adults.[32] A suicide-prevention helpline for LGBT youth is part of The Trevor Project, established by the filmmakers after the 1998 HBO telecast of the Academy Award-winning short film Trevor; Daniel Radcliffe donated a large sum to the group, and has appeared in its public service announcements condemning homophobia.[33]

Increasing mainstream acceptance of the LGBTIQ communities prompted the Massachusetts Governor's Commission on Gay and Lesbian Youth to begin an annual Gay-Straight Youth Pride observance in 1995.[25][34] In 1997 the nonprofit Youth Pride Alliance, a coalition of 25 youth-support and advocacy groups, was founded to hold an annual youth-pride event in Washington, D.C.;[35] Candace Gingrich was a speaker the following year.[36] In 1999, the first annual Vermont Youth Pride Day was held. As of 2009 it is the largest queer and allied-youth event in Vermont, organized by Outright Vermont to "break the geographic and social barriers gay youngsters living in rural communities face."[37] In 2002, a college fair was added to the event to connect students with colleges and discuss student safety.[38] In April 2003 a Youth Pride Chorus, organized with New York's LGBT Community Center, began rehearsals and later performed at a June Carnegie Hall Pride concert with the New York City Gay Men's Chorus.[39]

In 2004 the San Diego chapter of Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN) worked with San Diego Youth Pride coordinators to organize a Day of Silence throughout the county.[40] In 2005, Decatur (Georgia) Youth Pride participated in a counter-demonstration against Westboro Baptist Church (led by church head Fred Phelps' daughter Shirley Phelps-Roper), who were "greeting students and faculty as they arrived with words such as 'God hates fag enablers' and 'Thank God for 9/11'" at ten locations.[41] In 2008 Chicago's Youth Pride Center, primarily serving "LGBT youth of color", opened a temporary location and planned to move into their new building on Chicago's South Side in 2010.[42] In 2009, the Utah Pride Center held an event to coincide with Youth Pride Walk 2009, a "cross-country walk by two Utah women trying to draw attention to the problems faced by homeless LGBT youth".[43] In August 2010 the first Hollywood Youth Pride was held, focusing on the "large number of homeless LGBT youth living on Los Angeles streets."[44] According to a 2007 report, "Of the estimated 1.6 million homeless American youth, between 20 and 40 percent identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender".[45] At larger pride parades and festivals there are often LGBTIQ or queer youth contingents, and some festivals designate safe spaces for young people.[46][47]

Other LGBT groups

Several other segments of the LGBTQI community have their own communities and cultures, including the deaf queer community.[48]

Criticism

Criticism of LGBTQI culture comes from a variety of sources. Some, like Michael Musto, view the culture as conforming to caricatures or stereotypes that alienate "fringe" members of the community. Others believe that the LGBTQI community's emphasis on Marxism, socialism or any political ideology is unworkable, given the biological nature of being gay, lesbian, bisexual, transsexual/transgender, intersex and the diversity of backgrounds within the community. Some consider the notion of "separatism", or a group lifestyle, alienates many people (including LGBTQI members in the broader society).

Another problem is that bisexual and transsexual/transgender individuals experience social pressure to identify as gay or lesbian, and may face ostracism and discrimination from the mainstream LGBTQI culture. For bisexuals, this pressure is known as bisexual erasure. New York University School of Law professor Kenji Yoshino has written, "Gays de-legitimatize bisexuals...the lesbian and gay community abounds with negative images of bisexuals as fence-sitters, traitors, cop-outs, closet cases, people whose primary goal in life is to retain 'heterosexual privilege'".[49]

Identity politics

Criticism has been made that the LGBTQI community represents an artificial separation, rather than one based on tangible customs or ethnic identification. In particular, labels that LGBTQI members use to describe themselves vary widely; some simply prefer to identify as loving a particular gender. Some believe that the LGBTQI-community concept is alienating; the term itself implies estrangement from straight people as a separate group. Further, including three groups involved with sexuality and one group exploring transsexual/transgender identity (a broader phenomenon) is artificial.[50]

Cultural focus on promiscuity

Some gay male commentators who are in monogamous relationships argue that mainstream gay culture's disdain of monogamy and its promotion of promiscuity has harmed efforts to legalize same-sex marriage.[51] Yuvraj Joshi argues that efforts to legalize same-sex marriage have emphasized the sameness of gay people to heterosexuals, while privatizing their queer differences.[52]

Racism

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Main article: Racism in the LGBT community

British journalist Mark Simpson's 1996 book, Anti-Gay, describes forms of intolerance by the mainstream gay community towards subgroups. The Times wrote that Simpson succeeded in "pointing out that oppression and prejudice do not become legitimate just because they happen to be practiced by the previously oppressed". Aiden Shaw of Time Out New York wrote that "Thank fucking God someone did this, because...whatever happened to our individuality, our differences?" Other commentators harshly criticized Simpson's argument, with Boyz declaring that "Simpson is a cunt."[53]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Herdt, G (Ed.) (1992). Gay Culture in America: Essays from the Field. Beacon Press: Boston, MA
  4. ↑ http://www.sonypictures.com/classics/celluloid/misc/history.html
  5. ↑ Timeline: 25 Milestones in Our Time With AIDS: June 200
  6. ↑ Ratti, Rakesh (Ed.) (1993). Lotus Of Another Color: An Unfolding of the South Asian Gay and Lesbian Experience. Alyson Books Boston MA
  7. ↑ Interview with Michael Musto, David Shankbone, Wikinews, October 7, 2007.
  8. ↑ http://www.accesshollywood.com/neil-patrick-harris-on-gay-marriage-monogamy-and-anderson-cooper_article_10685
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Etengoff, C. & Daiute, C. (2015). Online Coming Out Communications between Gay Men and their Religious Family Allies: A Family of Choice and Origin Perspective, Journal of GLBT Family Studies.
  12. ↑ Lo, Malinda Behind the Scenes at the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival April 20, 2005 AfterEllen
  13. ↑ [1] Ficera, Kim Don't Quote Me: Dinah Shore Weekend February 22, 2006 AfterEllen
  14. ↑ Downs, Maggie Dinah Shore events part of celebration that began with a round of golf March 28, 2010 The Desert Sun
  15. ↑ Bunch, Charlotte/The Furies Collective, Lesbians in Revolt, in The Furies: Lesbian/Feminist Monthly, vol.1, January 1972, pp.8-9
  16. ↑ Hoagland articulates a distinction (originally noted by Lesbian Separatist author and anthologist, Julia Penelope) between a lesbian subculture and a lesbian community; membership in the subculture being "defined in negative terms by an external, hostile culture", and membership in the community being based on "the values we believe we can enact here." Hoagland, Sarah Lucia. Lesbian Ethics: Towards a New Value, Institute for Lesbian Studies, Palo Alto, Ca.
  17. ↑ Tallen, Bette S. Lesbian Separatism: A Historical and Comparative Perspective, in For Lesbians Only: A Separatist Anthology, Onlywomen Press, 1988, ISBN 0-906500-28-1, p141
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Day celebrates bisexuality, dispels myths. The Michigan Daily. Archived May 9, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ↑ Bi Community Celebrates. Bay Windows; 9/25/2003, Vol. 21 Issue 41, p3-3, 1/4p
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required)
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Lisa Neff, "Pride by Many Other Names: Whether it's a Dyke March, Black Gay Pride, or a Youth Rally, Gay Men and Lesbians are Finding New Ways to Celebrate Their Diversity". pages 50-55, The Advocate, June 25, 2002.
  26. ↑ Bockenek, et al, pages 49-53.
  27. ↑ Bockenek, et al, pages 110-115.
  28. ↑ Steph McKenna, "Diversity spotlight: Youth Pride Inc.", The Providence Journal, August 22, 2010.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ "Daniel Radcliffe to appear in anti-homophobia ad: Daniel Radcliffe will appear in a public service announcement to condemn homophobia." Pink News, March 1, 2010.
  34. ↑ Ethan Jacobs, "Mitt Romney's secret gay history!", Bay Windows, March 3, 2005.
  35. ↑ "Dyer Appointed as District LGBTQI Director", District Chronicles, September 9, 2007.
  36. ↑ "Gingrich to speak at Gay Youth Pride Day", press release at Salon.com
  37. ↑ "Youth gay, lesbian event set for city", Rutland Herald, May 1, 2009.
  38. ↑ Steve Desroches, "The Want You: A College Fair in Boston Helps Connect Gay and Lesbian Students With Schools Who Want Them On Campus" page 36, The Advocate, Sept. 3, 2002.
  39. ↑ Smith Galtney, "All Together Now: A New Chorus for GLBTQI Youth Prepares a Holiday Concert in New York", page 50, Out, December 2003.
  40. ↑ Travis D. Bone, "San Diego schools observe Day of Silence: National event aims to make schools safer", Gay & Lesbian Times, April 15, 2004.
  41. ↑ Terri Blackwell, Carolyn Mathews and Melissa Winder, "Groups chant their opinions at 10 protests", White County News Telegraph, March 10, 2005.
  42. ↑ "LGBTQI Chicago Year in Review", Windy City Times, December 29, 2007.
  43. ↑ "Utah Pride Center hosts LGBT homeless youth event", Associated Press, 8 July 2009.
  44. ↑ Steve La, "Hollywood Youth Pride Hopes To Help Young People In L.A.", LA Weekly, August 23, 2010.
  45. ↑ Nicholas Ray, Colby Berger, Susan Boyle, Mary Jo Callan, Mia White, Grace McCelland, Theresa Nolan, "Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth: An epidemic of homelessness", National Gay And Lesbian Task Force, National Coalition for The Homeless, January 30, 2007.
  46. ↑ S.D. Liddick, "A Church Divided", San Diego Magazine, pages 109-113, June 2005.
  47. ↑ Inside Pride, San Francisco Pride Guide, pages, pages 40-42, June 2010.
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ Yoshino, Kenji (2000). The epistemic contract of bisexual erasure. Stanford Law Review, 53(2), P. 399
  50. ↑ Prosser, J (1998) Second Skins: The Body Narratives of Transsexuality. New York: Columbia University Press p. 59
  51. ↑ http://www.gaypatriot.net/2008/06/20/gay-groups-ignore-monogamy-when-discussing-marriage/
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ http://www.marksimpson.com/pages/anti_gay.html

Further reading

  • Bockenek, Michael, A. Widney Brown, "Hatred in the hallways: violence and discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered students in U.S. schools", Human Rights Watch, 2001, ISBN 1-56432-259-9, ISBN 978-1-56432-259-3.

External links

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