List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections
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Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections are held when the House of Representatives first convenes after a general election for its two-year term, or when a speaker of the House dies, resigns or is removed from the position intra-term. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House, and is simultaneously the body's presiding officer, the de facto leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's administrative head.[1]
There have been 127 elections for speaker since the office was created in 1789.[2] Traditionally, each party's caucus or conference selects a candidate for speaker from among its senior leaders prior to the vote. Prior to 1839, the House elected its speaker by paper ballot, but since, on all but three occasions, has done so by roll call vote.[1] A majority of votes cast (as opposed to a majority of the full membership of the House) is necessary to elect a speaker. By House precedents, votes of present are not to be included in the official vote total, only votes cast for a person by name are; even so, they have been counted on several occasions.[3]
If no candidate receives a majority vote, then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected. In the longest speaker election in House history, 133 ballots (cast over a two-month period) were needed before representatives chose Nathaniel Banks as their presiding officer for the 34th Congress (1855–1857). Multiple roll calls have been necessary only 14 times since 1789, and not since 1923.[2]
Representatives are not restricted to voting for the candidate nominated by their party, but generally do. Additionally, as the U.S. Constitution does not explicitly state that the speaker must be an incumbent member of the House, it is permissible for representatives to vote for someone who is not a member of the House at the time, and non-members have received a few votes in various speaker elections over the past several years. Nevertheless, every person elected speaker has been a member.[4]
Altogether, 54 people have served as speaker over the past 235 years; 32 of them served multiple terms (seven of those served nonconsecutive terms). Sam Rayburn holds the record for electoral victories, with 10. He led the House from September 1940 to January 1947, January 1949 to January 1953, and January 1955 to November 1961 (a tenure totaling 17 years).[5] The youngest person elected to the office was Robert M. T. Hunter, age 30 when he became speaker in 1839;[6] the oldest person elected for the first time was Henry T. Rainey in 1933, at age 72.[7] In the most recent election for speaker, held January 3, 2021, the first day of the 117th Congress, members elected Nancy Pelosi to a fourth (second consecutive) term. She is the first woman to serve as speaker.[8]
Contents
- 1 Elections from 1789 to 1799
- 2 Elections from 1801 to 1899
- 2.1 December 1801
- 2.2 October 1803
- 2.3 December 1805
- 2.4 October 1807
- 2.5 May 1809
- 2.6 November 1811
- 2.7 May 1813
- 2.8 January 1814
- 2.9 December 1815
- 2.10 December 1817
- 2.11 December 1819
- 2.12 November 1820
- 2.13 December 1821
- 2.14 December 1823
- 2.15 December 1825
- 2.16 December 1827
- 2.17 December 1829
- 2.18 December 1831
- 2.19 December 1833
- 2.20 June 1834
- 2.21 December 1835
- 2.22 September 1837
- 2.23 December 1839
- 2.24 May 1841
- 2.25 December 1843
- 2.26 December 1845
- 2.27 December 1847
- 2.28 December 1849
- 2.29 December 1851
- 2.30 December 1853
- 2.31 December 1855 – February 1856
- 2.32 December 1857
- 2.33 December 1859 – February 1860
- 2.34 July 1861
- 2.35 December 1863
- 2.36 December 1865
- 2.37 March 1867
- 2.38 March 1869 (40th Congress)
- 2.39 March 1869 (41st Congress)
- 2.40 March 1871
- 2.41 December 1873
- 2.42 December 1875
- 2.43 August 1876
- 2.44 October 1877
- 2.45 March 1879
- 2.46 December 1881
- 2.47 December 1883
- 2.48 December 1885
- 2.49 December 1887
- 2.50 December 1889
- 2.51 December 1891
- 2.52 August 1893
- 2.53 December 1895
- 2.54 March 1897
- 2.55 December 1899
- 3 Elections from 1901 to 1999
- 3.1 December 1901
- 3.2 November 1903
- 3.3 December 1905
- 3.4 December 1907
- 3.5 March 1909
- 3.6 April 1911
- 3.7 April 1913
- 3.8 December 1915
- 3.9 April 1917
- 3.10 May 1919
- 3.11 April 1921
- 3.12 December 1923
- 3.13 December 1925
- 3.14 December 1927
- 3.15 April 1929
- 3.16 December 1931
- 3.17 March 1933
- 3.18 January 1935
- 3.19 June 1936
- 3.20 January 1937
- 3.21 January 1939
- 3.22 September 1940
- 3.23 January 1941
- 3.24 January 1943
- 3.25 January 1945
- 3.26 January 1947
- 3.27 January 1949
- 3.28 January 1951
- 3.29 January 1953
- 3.30 January 1955
- 3.31 January 1957
- 3.32 January 1959
- 3.33 January 1961
- 3.34 January 1962
- 3.35 January 1963
- 3.36 January 1965
- 3.37 January 1967
- 3.38 January 1969
- 3.39 January 1971
- 3.40 January 1973
- 3.41 January 1975
- 3.42 January 1977
- 3.43 January 1979
- 3.44 January 1981
- 3.45 January 1983
- 3.46 January 1985
- 3.47 January 1987
- 3.48 January 1989
- 3.49 June 1989
- 3.50 January 1991
- 3.51 January 1993
- 3.52 January 1995
- 3.53 January 1997
- 3.54 January 1999
- 4 Elections since 2001
- 5 Notes
- 6 References
Elections from 1789 to 1799
April 1789
The first-ever election for speaker of the House took place on April 1, 1789, at the start of the 1st Congress, following the 1788 / 89 elections in which candidates who supported the new Frame of Government won a majority of the seats. Frederick A. Muhlenberg, who had promoted the ratification of the Constitution, received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[9] Though political parties did not yet exist, political factions, from which they evolved, formed almost immediately after Congress began its work. Those who supported the Washington administration were referred to as "Pro-Administration", while those in opposition were known as "Anti-Administration".[10]
1789 election for speaker[11] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
style="background-color: Template:Pro-Administration Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | Pro-Administration | Frederick Muhlenberg (B) | 23 | 76.67 |
— | Others | 7 | 23.33 | |
Total votes | 30 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 16 | >50 |
October 1791
An election for speaker took place October 24, 1791, at the start of the 2nd Congress, following the 1790 / 91 elections in which Pro-Administration candidates won a majority of the seats. Jonathan Trumbull Jr. received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[12]
1791 election for speaker[11] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
style="background-color: Template:Pro-Administration Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | Pro-Administration | Jonathan Trumbull Jr. (B) | Majority | [lower-alpha 1] |
Total votes | (?) | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | (?) | >50 |
December 1793
An election for speaker took place December 2, 1793, at the start of the 3rd Congress, following the 1792 / 93 elections in which anti-administration candidates won a majority of the seats. Former speaker Frederick Muhlenberg received a majority of the votes cast in the 3rd ballot and was elected speaker. This was the first speaker of the House election to be contested primarily on a partisan basis.[13]
December 2, 1793 – 1st ballot | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
style="width: 0.5em; background:Template:Pro-Administration Party (US)/meta/color" | | Pro-Administration | Theodore Sedgwick (B) | 24 | 36.36 |
style="background:Template:Anti-Administration Party (US)/meta/color" | | Anti-Administration | Frederick Muhlenberg (B) | 21 | 31.82 |
style="background:Template:Anti-Administration Party (US)/meta/color" | | Anti-Administration | Abraham Baldwin (B) | 14 | 21.22 |
— | Others | 7 | 10.60 | |
Total votes: | 66 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 34 | >50 | ||
December 2, 1793 – 3rd Ballot | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
style="background:Template:Anti-Administration Party (US)/meta/color" | | Anti-Administration | Frederick Muhlenberg (B) | 37 | [lower-alpha 2] |
style="background:Template:Pro-Administration Party (US)/meta/color" | | Pro-Administration | Theodore Sedgwick (B) | 27 | |
— | Others | (?) | ||
Total votes: | 64+ | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | ~34 | >50 |
December 1795
An election for speaker took place December 7, 1795, at the start of the 4th Congress, following the 1794 / 95 elections. During the preceding Congress, the Pro-Administration faction coalesced into the Federalist Party, and the Anti-Administration faction into the Democratic-Republican Party. Though Democratic-Republicans won a majority of the seats in these elections, several joined with the Federalists to elect Jonathan Dayton speaker on the first ballot.[13]
1795 election for speaker[11] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Federalist | Jonathan Dayton (B) | 46 | 58.23 | |
Democratic-Republican | Frederick Muhlenberg (B) (Incumbent) | 31 | 39.24 | |
— | Others | 2 | 2.53 | |
Total votes | 79 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 40 | >50 |
May 1797
An election for speaker took place May 15, 1797, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 5th Congress, following the 1796 / 97 elections in which Federalists won a majority of the seats. In a near-unanimous vote, Jonathan Dayton was re-elected speaker.[13]
1797 election for speaker[11] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Federalist | Jonathan Dayton (B) (Incumbent) | 78 | 97.50 | |
Federalist | George Dent (B) | 1 | 1.25 | |
Democratic-Republican | Abraham Baldwin (B) | 1 | 1.25 | |
Total votes | 80 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 41 | >50 |
December 1799
An election for speaker took place December 2, 1799, at the start of the 6th Congress, following the 1798 / 99 elections in which Federalists won a majority of the seats. Theodore Sedgwick received a majority of the votes cast in the 2nd ballot and was elected speaker.[13]
December 2, 1799 – 1st Ballot | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Federalist | Theodore Sedgwick (B) | 42 | 49.41 | |
Democratic-Republican | Nathaniel Macon (B) | 27 | 31.76 | |
Federalist | George Dent (B) | 13 | 15.30 | |
— | Others | 3 | 3.53 | |
Total votes: | 85 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 43 | >50 | ||
December 2, 1799 – 2nd ballot | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Federalist | Theodore Sedgwick (B) | 44 | 51.16 | |
Democratic-Republican | Nathaniel Macon (B) | 38 | 46.51 | |
Federalist | George Dent (B) | 3 | 1.75 | |
Federalist | John Rutledge Jr. (B) | 1 | 0.58 | |
Total votes: | 86 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 44 | >50 |
Elections from 1801 to 1899
December 1801
An election for speaker took place on December 7, 1801, at the start of the 7th Congress, following the 1800 / 01 elections in which Democratic-Republicans won a majority of the seats. Nathaniel Macon received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[13]
1801 election for speaker[11] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | Nathaniel Macon (B) (Incumbent) | 53 | 65.43 | |
Federalist | James A. Bayard (B) | 26 | 32.10 | |
Federalist | John C. Smith (B) | 2 | 2.47 | |
Total votes | 81 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 41 | >50 |
October 1803
An election for speaker took place on October 17, 1803, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 8th Congress, following the 1802 / 03 elections in which Democratic-Republicans won a majority of the seats. Nathaniel Macon received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.[13]
1803 election for speaker[11] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | Nathaniel Macon (B) (Incumbent) | 76 | 71.03 | |
Democratic-Republican | Joseph Varnum (B) | 30 | 28.04 | |
Democratic-Republican | John Dawson (B) | 1 | 0.93 | |
Total votes | 107 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 54 | >50 |
December 1805
An election for speaker took place December 2, 1805, at the start of the 9th Congress, following the 1804 / 05 elections in which the Democratic-Republicans won a majority of the seats. Nathaniel Macon received a majority of the votes cast in the 3rd ballot and was re-elected speaker.[13] A number of Democratic-Republicans did not support Macon's bid for a third term as he had broken ranks with President Jefferson and aligned himself with the splinter Quids faction.[16]
December 2, 1805 – 1st ballot | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | Nathaniel Macon (B) (Incumbent) | 51 | 48.58 | |
Democratic-Republican | Joseph Varnum (B) | 26 | 24.76 | |
Federalist | John C. Smith (B) | 16 | 15.24 | |
Democratic-Republican | John Dawson (B) | 10 | 9.52 | |
Democratic-Republican | Andrew Gregg (B) | 2 | 1.90 | |
Total votes: | 105 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 53 | >50 | ||
December 2, 1805 – 3rd ballot | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | Nathaniel Macon (B) (Incumbent) | 58 | 54.71 | |
Democratic-Republican | Joseph Varnum (B) | 23 | 21.70 | |
Federalist | John C. Smith (B) | 18 | 16.98 | |
Democratic-Republican | John Dawson (B) | 3 | 2.83 | |
Democratic-Republican | Andrew Gregg (B) | 2 | 1.89 | |
— | Others | 2 | 1.89 | |
Total votes: | 106 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 54 | >50 |
October 1807
An election for speaker took place on October 26, 1807, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 10th Congress, following the 1806 / 07 elections in which Democratic-Republicans won a majority of the seats. Joseph B. Varnum received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[13]
1807 election for speaker[11] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | Joseph Varnum (B) | 59 | 50.43 | |
Federalist | Charles Goldsborough (B) | 17 | 14.53 | |
Democratic-Republican | Burwell Bassett (B) | 17 | 14.53 | |
Democratic-Republican | Josiah Masters (B) | 8 | 6.84 | |
Democratic-Republican | Thomas Blount (B) | 7 | 5.98 | |
— | Others | 9 | 7.69 | |
Total votes | 117 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 59 | >50 |
May 1809
An election for speaker took place May 22, 1809, at the start of the 11th Congress, following the 1808 / 09 elections in which the Democratic-Republicans won a majority of the seats. On the first ballot, Joseph Varnum received 60 of the 118 votes cast for individuals. In addition to these, two ballots were returned blank. The question arose over whether or not the blank ballots counted. If they were, then the total number of votes cast would be 120, making the threshold for election 61. If they were not, then the threshold would be 60 (of 118), thus making Varnum the winner. After a brief debate a motion to proceed with a second ballot was approved. Varnum received a majority of the votes cast in the 2nd ballot and was re-elected speaker.[17]
May 22, 1809 – 1st Ballot | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | Joseph Varnum (B) (Incumbent) | 60 | 50.00 | |
Democratic-Republican | Nathaniel Macon (B) | 36 | 30.00 | |
Federalist | Timothy Pitkin (B) | 20 | 16.67 | |
Democratic-Republican | Roger Nelson (B) | 1 | 0.83 | |
Federalist | Charles Goldsborough (B) | 1 | 0.83 | |
— | Blank | 2 | 1.67 | |
Total votes: | 120 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 61 | >50 | ||
May 22, 1809 – 2nd ballot | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | Joseph Varnum (B) (Incumbent) | 65 | 54.62 | |
Democratic-Republican | Nathaniel Macon (B) | 45 | 37.82 | |
Federalist | Timothy Pitkin (B) | 6 | 5.04 | |
Democratic-Republican | Benjamin Howard (B) | 1 | 0.84 | |
Democratic-Republican | Roger Nelson (B) | 1 | 0.84 | |
Federalist | Charles Goldsborough (B) | 1 | 0.84 | |
Total votes: | 119 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 60 | >50 |
November 1811
An election for speaker took place on November 4, 1811, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 12th Congress, following the 1810 / 11 elections in which Democratic-Republicans won a majority of the seats. Henry Clay, a freshman congressman, received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[19]
1811 election for speaker[20] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | Henry Clay (B) | 75 | 63.03 | |
Democratic-Republican | William W. Bibb (B) | 38 | 31.93 | |
Democratic-Republican | Nathaniel Macon (B) | 3 | 2.52 | |
Democratic-Republican | Hugh Nelson (B) | 2 | 1.68 | |
Democratic-Republican | Burwell Bassett (B) | 1 | 0.84 | |
Total votes | 119 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 60 | >50 |
May 1813
An election for speaker took place on May 24, 1813, at the start of the 13th Congress, following the 1812 / 13 elections in which Democratic-Republicans won a majority of the seats. Henry Clay received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.[19]
1813 election for speaker[21] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | Henry Clay (B) (Incumbent) | 89 | 60.13 | |
Federalist | Timothy Pitkin (B) | 54 | 36.49 | |
— | Others | 5 | 3.38 | |
Total votes | 148 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 75 | >50 |
January 1814
On January 19, 1814, during the third session of the 13th Congress, Henry Clay resigned as speaker to accept a commission from President James Madison to serve as a negotiator for a peace agreement to end the War of 1812.[19] Later that day, an intra-term election for a new speaker was held. Langdon Cheves received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[22]
1814 special election for speaker[23] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | Langdon Cheves (B) | 94 | 56.97 | |
Democratic-Republican | Felix Grundy (B) | 59 | 35.76 | |
— | Others | 12 | 7.27 | |
Total votes | 165 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 83 | >50 |
December 1815
An election for speaker took place on December 4, 1815 at the start of the 14th Congress following the 1814 / 15 elections in which Democratic-Republicans won a majority of the seats. Elected again to the House, former speaker Henry Clay received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[19]
1815 election for speaker[24] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | Henry Clay (B) | 87 | 71.31 | |
Democratic-Republican | Hugh Nelson (B) | 13 | 10.65 | |
Federalist | Timothy Pitkin (B) | 9 | 7.38 | |
Democratic-Republican | Nathaniel Macon (B) | 7 | 5.74 | |
Federalist | Joseph Lewis Jr. (B) | 2 | 1.64 | |
Federalist | Timothy Pickering (B) | 1 | 0.82 | |
— | Blank | 3 | 2.46 | |
Total votes | 122 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 62 | >50 |
December 1817
An election for speaker took place on December 1, 1817 at the start of the 15th Congress following the 1816 / 17 elections in which Democratic-Republicans won a majority of the seats. In a near-unanimous vote, Henry Clay was re-elected speaker.[19][25]
1817 election for speaker[26] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | Henry Clay (B) (Incumbent) | 143 | 95.33 | |
Democratic-Republican | Samuel Smith (B) | 6 | 4.00 | |
— | Blank | 1 | 0.67 | |
Total votes | 150 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 76 | >50 |
December 1819
An election for speaker took place on December 6, 1819 at the start of the 16th Congress following the 1818 / 19 elections in which Democratic-Republicans won a majority of the seats. In a near-unanimous vote, Henry Clay was re-elected speaker.[19][25]
1819 election for speaker[27] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | Henry Clay (B) (Incumbent) | 147 | 94.84 | |
— | Others | 8 | 5.16 | |
Total votes | 155 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 78 | >50 |
November 1820
In October 1820, between the first and the second session of the 16th Congress, Henry Clay resigned as speaker so he could return to his private law practice; he kept his House seat however, until his term ended the following March (he had not run for re-election in 1820).[19] Consequently, an intra-term election for a new speaker was held on November 13–15, 1820. Coming as it did less than a year after the rancorous Missouri statehood debate, the choice of Clay's successor became mired in the continuing national debate between Northerners and Southerners over the expansion of slavery into territories and future states. The chief candidate of Northern antislavery members, John W. Taylor of New York, finally received a majority of the votes cast in the 22nd ballot and was elected speaker.[28] In addition to discord over slavery, Taylor's path to victory was made even more difficult by a division within that state's congressional delegation between supporters of Governor DeWitt Clinton and those who opposed him (known as the Bucktails).[25]
November 13, 1820 – 1st ballot | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | John W. Taylor (B) | 40 | 30.30 | |
Democratic-Republican | William Lowndes (B) | 34 | 25.75 | |
Democratic-Republican | Samuel Smith (B) | 27 | 20.45 | |
Federalist | John Sergeant (B) | 18 | 13.65 | |
Democratic-Republican | Hugh Nelson (B) | 10 | 7.58 | |
— | Others | 3 | 2.27 | |
Total votes | 132 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 67 | >50 | ||
November 15, 1820 – 22nd ballot | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | John W. Taylor (B) | 76 | 51.35 | |
Democratic-Republican | William Lowndes (B) | 44 | 29.73 | |
Democratic-Republican | Samuel Smith (B) | 27 | 18.25 | |
— | Others | 1 | 0.67 | |
Total votes | 148 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 75 | >50 |
December 1821
An election for speaker took place December 3–4, 1821, at the start of the 17th Congress, following the 1820 / 21 elections in which the Democratic-Republicans won a majority of the seats. Philip P. Barbour received a majority of the votes cast in the 12th ballot and was elected speaker.[17]
December 3, 1821 – 1st ballot | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | John W. Taylor (B) (Incumbent) | 60 | 37.26 | |
Democratic-Republican | Caesar A. Rodney (B) | 45 | 27.95 | |
Federalist | Louis McLane (B) | 29 | 18.01 | |
Democratic-Republican | Samuel Smith (B) | 20 | 12.42 | |
Democratic-Republican | Hugh Nelson (B) | 5 | 3.11 | |
— | Others | 2 | 1.24 | |
Total votes: | 161 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 81 | >50 | ||
December 4, 1821 – 12th ballot | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | Philip P. Barbour (B) | 88 | 51.16 | |
Democratic-Republican | John W. Taylor (B) (Incumbent) | 67 | 38.95 | |
Democratic-Republican | Henry Baldwin (B) | 6 | 3.49 | |
Democratic-Republican | Samuel Smith (B) | 4 | 2.33 | |
Democratic-Republican | Caesar A. Rodney (B) | 3 | 1.74 | |
— | Others | 4 | 2.33 | |
Total votes: | 172 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 87 | >50 |
December 1823
An election for speaker took place on December 1, 1823 at the start of the 18th Congress following the 1822 / 23 elections in which Democratic-Republicans won a majority of the seats. Elected again to the House, former speaker Henry Clay received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[19]
1823 election for speaker[31] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic-Republican | Henry Clay (B) | 139 | 76.80 | |
Democratic-Republican | Philip P. Barbour (B) (Incumbent) | 42 | 23.20 | |
Total votes | 181 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 91 | >50 |
December 1825
An election for speaker took place December 5, 1825, at the start of the 19th Congress, following the 1824 / 25 elections and the 1825 presidential contingent election. In the aftermath of these elections, the Democratic-Republican Party rapidly splintered between those who supported the new president, John Quincy Adams, and those who supported Andrew Jackson. Representatives who supported Adams held a slim majority in the House. Former speaker John W. Taylor received a majority of the votes cast in the 2nd ballot and was elected speaker.[17]
December 5, 1825 – 1st ballot | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Adams | John W. Taylor (B) | 89 | 45.88 | |
Adams | John W. Campbell (B) | 41 | 21.13 | |
style="background:Template:Jacksonian Party/meta/color" | | Jackson | Louis McLane (B) | 36 | 18.55 |
style="background:Template:Jacksonian Party/meta/color" | | Jackson | Andrew Stevenson (B) | 17 | 8.76 |
Adams | Lewis Condict (B) | 6 | 3.10 | |
— | Others | 5 | 2.58 | |
Total votes: | 194 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 98 | >50 | ||
December 5, 1825 – 2nd ballot | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Adams | John W. Taylor (B) | 99 | 51.30 | |
style="background:Template:Jacksonian Party/meta/color" | | Jackson | Louis McLane (B) | 44 | 22.80 |
Adams | John W. Campbell (B) | 42 | 21.76 | |
style="background:Template:Jacksonian Party/meta/color" | | Jackson | Andrew Stevenson (B) | 5 | 2.59 |
— | Others | 3 | 1.55 | |
Total votes: | 193 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 97 | >50 |
December 1827
An election for speaker took place on December 3, 1827 at the start of the 20th Congress following the 1826 / 27 elections in which Jacksonians, candidates supporting Andrew Jackson in opposition to President John Quincy Adams won a majority of the seats. Andrew Stevenson won a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[33]
1827 election for speaker[34] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
style="background-color: Template:Jacksonian Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | Jacksonian | Andrew Stevenson (B) | 104 | 50.73 |
Adams | John W. Taylor (B) (Incumbent) | 94 | 45.86 | |
style="background-color: Template:Jacksonian Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | Jacksonian | Philip P. Barbour (B) | 4 | 1.95 |
— | Others | 3 | 1.46 | |
Total votes | 205 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 103 | >50 |
December 1829
An election for speaker took place on December 7, 1829 at the start of the 21st Congress following the 1828 / 29 elections in which Jacksonians, candidates supporting now-President Andrew Jackson won a majority of the seats. Andrew Stevenson won a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.[33]
1829 election for speaker[35] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
style="background-color: Template:Jacksonian Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | Jacksonian | Andrew Stevenson (B) (Incumbent) | 152 | 79.58 |
— | Others | 39 | 20.42 | |
Total votes | 191 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 96 | >50 |
December 1831
An election for speaker took place on December 5, 1831 at the start of the 22nd Congress following the 1830 / 31 elections in which Jacksonians won a majority of the seats. Andrew Stevenson won a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.[33]
1831 election for speaker[36] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
style="background-color: Template:Jacksonian Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | Jacksonian | Andrew Stevenson (B) (Incumbent) | 98 | 50.26 |
style="background-color: Template:Jacksonian Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | Jacksonian | Joel B. Sutherland (B) | 54 | 27.69 |
Anti-Jacksonian | John W. Taylor (B) | 18 | 9.23 | |
style="background-color: Template:Jacksonian Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | Jacksonian | Charles A. Wickliffe (B) | 15 | 7.69 |
Anti-Jacksonian | Lewis Condict (B) | 4 | 2.05 | |
— | Others | 6 | 3.08 | |
Total votes | 195 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 98 | >50 |
December 1833
An election for speaker took place on December 2, 1833 at the start of the 23rd Congress following the 1832 / 33 elections in which Jacksonians won a majority of the seats. Andrew Stevenson won a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.[37]
1833 election for speaker[38] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
style="background-color: Template:Jacksonian Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | Jacksonian | Andrew Stevenson (B) (Incumbent) | 142 | 65.44 |
Anti-Jacksonian | Lewis Williams (B) | 39 | 17.97 | |
Anti-Jacksonian | Edward Everett (B) | 15 | 6.91 | |
style="background-color: Template:Jacksonian Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | Jacksonian | John Bell (B) | 4 | 1.84 |
— | Others | 9 | 4.15 | |
— | Blank | 8 | 3.69 | |
Total votes | 217 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 109 | >50 |
June 1834
In June 1834, Andrew Stevenson resigned as speaker of the House and from Congress to accept President Andrew Jackson's nomination as the U.S. minister to the United Kingdom.[39] Consequently, an intra-term election for a new speaker was held on June 2, 1834, during the 23rd Congress. The president favored James K. Polk for the post, but when members of his "Kitchen Cabinet" went to Capitol Hill and lobbied on Polk's behalf, they were rebuffed. Perceived as an encroachment upon a constitutional prerogative of the House, the effort to influence the vote splintered Jacksonian party unity and energized the opposition. John Bell ultimately received a majority of the votes cast in the 10th ballot and was elected speaker.[40][lower-alpha 4]
December 1835
An election for speaker took place on December 7, 1835, at the start of the 24th Congress, following the 1834 / 35 elections in which Jacksonians won a majority of the seats. James K. Polk won a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[43]
1835 election for speaker[44] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
style="background-color: Template:Jacksonian Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | Jacksonian | James K. Polk (B) | 132 | 58.67 |
Anti-Jacksonian | John Bell (B) (Incumbent) | 84 | 37.33 | |
Anti-Jacksonian | Charles F. Mercer (B) | 3 | 1.33 | |
Anti-Masonic | John Quincy Adams (B) | 2 | 0.89 | |
Anti-Jacksonian | Francis Granger (B) | 1 | 0.44 | |
— | Blank | 3 | 1.33 | |
Total votes | 225 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 113 | >50 |
September 1837
An election for speaker took place on September 4, 1837, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 25th Congress, following the 1836 / 37 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. James K. Polk won a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.[43]
1837 election for speaker[45] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | James K. Polk (B) (Incumbent) | 116 | 51.79 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | John Bell (B) | 103 | 45.98 | |
— | Others | 5 | 2.23 | |
Total votes | 224 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 113 | >50 |
December 1839
An election for speaker took place December 14–16, 1839, at the start of the 26th Congress, following the 1838 / 39 elections in which the Democrats won a slim majority of the seats. Balloting was delayed for two weeks as Democrats and Whigs contested the seating of five representatives-elect from New Jersey,[46] commencing only after the House resolved not to seat either delegation immediately. Once underway, the narrowly divided House was unable to make a quick choice. Finally, on the 11th ballot, Robert M. T. Hunter received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[17]
December 14, 1839 – 1st ballot[47] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | John W. Jones (B) | 113 | 48.09 | |
Whig | John Bell (B) | 102 | 43.40 | |
Whig | William Dawson (B) | 11 | 4.68 | |
Democratic | Francis W. Pickens (B) | 5 | 2.13 | |
Democratic | Dixon H. Lewis (B) | 3 | 1.28 | |
Conservative | George W. Hopkins (B) | 1 | 0.42 | |
Total votes: | 235 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 118 | >50 | ||
December 16, 1839 – 11th ballot[48] | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Whig | Robert M. T. Hunter (B) | 119 | 51.29 | |
Democratic | John W. Jones (B) | 55 | 23.71 | |
Democratic | George M. Keim (B) | 24 | 10.35 | |
Democratic | Zadok Casey (B) | 10 | 4.31 | |
Democratic | Francis W. Pickens (B) | 9 | 3.88 | |
Democratic | Francis Thomas (B) | 3 | 1.29 | |
— | Others | 12 | 5.17 | |
Total votes: | 232 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 117 | >50 |
May 1841
An election for speaker took place on May 31, 1841, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 27th Congress, following the 1840 / 41 elections in which Whigs won a majority of the seats. John White won a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[49]
1841 election for speaker[50] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | John White (B) | 121 | 54.75 | |
Democratic | John W. Jones (B) | 84 | 38.01 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | Henry A. Wise (B) | 8 | 3.62 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | Joseph Lawrence (B) | 5 | 2.26 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | George N. Briggs (B) | 1 | 0.45 | |
Democratic | Nathan Clifford (B) | 1 | 0.45 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | William C. Johnson (B) | 1 | 0.45 | |
Total votes | 221 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 111 | >50 |
December 1843
An election for speaker took place December 4, 1843, at the start of the 28th United States Congress following the 1842 / 43 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. John W. Jones received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.
1843 election for speaker[51] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | John W. Jones (B) | 128 | 68.09 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | John White (B) (Incumbent) | 59 | 31.38 | |
Democratic | William Wilkins (B) | 1 | 0.53 | |
Total votes | 188 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 95 | >50 |
December 1845
An election for speaker took place December 1, 1845, at the start of the 29th United States Congress following the 1844 / 45 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. John W. Davis received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[52]
1845 election for speaker[53] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | John W. Davis (B) | 119 | 56.67 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | Samuel F. Vinton (B) | 72 | 34.29 | |
Democratic | Moses Norris (B) | 9 | 4.28 | |
American | William S. Miller (B) | 5 | 2.38 | |
— | Others | 5 | 2.38 | |
Total votes | 210 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 106 | >50 |
December 1847
An election for speaker took place December 6, 1847, at the start of the 30th Congress, following the 1846 / 47 elections in which the Whigs won a slim majority of the seats. Robert C. Winthrop received a majority of the votes cast in the 3rd ballot and was elected speaker.[17] The election became a multi-ballot affair when a few "Conscience Whigs" initially refused to support Winthrop because he rejected their demand for a pledge to constitute key House committees so as to favor the reporting of antislavery legislation.[54]
December 6, 1847 – 1st ballot | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Whig | Robert C. Winthrop (B) | 108 | 49.09 | |
Democratic | Linn Boyd (B) | 61 | 27.73 | |
Democratic | Robert McClelland (B) | 23 | 10.45 | |
Democratic | John A. McClernard (B) | 11 | 5.00 | |
Democratic | James McKay (B) | 5 | 2.27 | |
Democratic | Howell Cobb (B) | 3 | 1.37 | |
Whig | James Wilson (B) | 2 | 0.91 | |
— | Others | 7 | 3.18 | |
Total votes: | 220 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 111 | >50 | ||
December 6, 1847 – 3rd ballot | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Whig | Robert C. Winthrop (B) | 110 | 50.46 | |
Democratic | Linn Boyd (B) | 64 | 29.36 | |
Democratic | Robert McClelland (B) | 14 | 6.42 | |
Democratic | John A. McClernard (B) | 8 | 3.67 | |
Democratic | Robert Rhett (B) | 7 | 3.21 | |
Democratic | Armistead Burt (B) | 4 | 1.83 | |
Democratic | Howell Cobb (B) | 4 | 1.83 | |
Whig | James Wilson (B) | 2 | 0.92 | |
— | Others | 5 | 2.30 | |
Total votes: | 218 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 110 | >50 |
December 1849
An election for speaker took place December 3–22, 1849, at the start of the 31st Congress, following the 1848 / 49 elections in which the Democrats won a slim majority of the seats. Divisions within both the Democratic Party and Whig Party over slavery plus the presence of the new Single-issue antislavery Free Soil Party led to pandemonium in the House and a protracted struggle to elect a speaker. After 59 ballots without a majority choice, the House adopted a plurality rule stating that, if after three more ballots no one garnered a majority of the votes, the person receiving the highest number of votes on the next ensuing ballot would be declared to have been chosen speaker.[17] On the decisive 63rd ballot, Howell Cobb received the most votes, 102 votes out of 221, or nine less than a majority, and was elected speaker.[56]
December 3, 1849 – 1st ballot[57] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Howell Cobb (B) | 103 | 46.61 | |
Whig | Robert C. Winthrop (B) (Incumbent) | 96 | 43.44 | |
Free Soil | David Wilmot (B) | 8 | 3.62 | |
Whig | Meredith P. Gentry (B) | 6 | 2.71 | |
Whig | Horace Mann (B) | 2 | 0.91 | |
— | Others | 6 | 2.71 | |
Total votes: | 221 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 111 | >50 | ||
December 22, 1849 – 63rd ballot[58] | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Howell Cobb (B) | 102 | 46.16 | |
Whig | Robert C. Winthrop (B) (Incumbent) | 99 | 44.80 | |
Free Soil | David Wilmot (B) | 8 | 3.62 | |
Whig | Charles S. Morehead (B) | 4 | 1.81 | |
Democratic | William Strong (B) | 3 | 1.34 | |
— | Others | 5 | 2.27 | |
Total votes: | 221 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | Plurality[lower-alpha 5] |
December 1851
An election for speaker took place December 1, 1851, at the start of the 32nd Congress following the 1850 / 51 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Linn Boyd received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.
1851 election for speaker[59] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Linn Boyd (B) | 118 | 55.40 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | Edward Stanly (B) | 21 | 9.86 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | Joseph R. Chandler (B) | 20 | 9.39 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | Thaddeus Stevens (B) | 16 | 7.51 | |
Democratic | Thomas H. Bayly (B) | 8 | 3.75 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | John L. Taylor (B) | 6 | 2.82 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | Alexander Evans (B) | 4 | 1.88 | |
Democratic | Thomas S. Bocock (B) | 4 | 1.88 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | Meredith P. Gentry (B) | 3 | 1.41 | |
Unionist | Junius Hillyer (B) | 2 | 0.94 | |
— | Others | 11 | 5.16 | |
Total votes | 213 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 107 | >50 |
December 1853
An election for speaker took place December 5, 1853, at the start of the 33rd Congress following the 1852 / 53 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Linn Boyd received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1853 election for speaker[60] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Linn Boyd (B) (Incumbent) | 143 | 65.90 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | Joseph R. Chandler (B) | 35 | 6.13 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | Lewis D. Campbell (B) | 11 | 5.07 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | Presley Ewing (B) | 7 | 3.23 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | Solomon G. Haven (B) | 6 | 2.77 | |
Democratic | James L. Orr (B) | 4 | 1.84 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | William Preston (B) | 3 | 1.38 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | John G. Miller (B) | 3 | 1.38 | |
[[Whig Party (US)|Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/shortname]] | Thomas M. Howe (B) | 2 | 0.92 | |
— | Others | 3 | 1.38 | |
Total votes | 217 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 109 | >50 |
December 1855 – February 1856
An election for speaker took place over the course of two months, December 3, 1855 through February 2, 1856, at the start of the 34th Congress, following the 1854 / 55 elections in which candidates primarily in Northern states running on various fusion tickets—included members from the Whig, Free Soil and American parties, along with members of the nascent Republican Party—grouped together under the Opposition Party label, won a majority of the seats. This new, but transitional, party sprang-up amid the fallout from the Kansas–Nebraska Act (approved by Congress in mid 1854), which had sparked violence over slavery in Kansas and hardened sectional positions on the subject.[61] Personal views on slavery drove members' words and actions during this protracted electoral contest. After 129 ballots without a majority choice, the House once again adopted a plurality rule to break the deadlock. On the decisive 133rd ballot, Nathaniel P. Banks[lower-alpha 6] received the most votes, 103 votes out of 214, or five less than a majority, and was elected speaker.[56][61] A record 135 individual congressmen received votes in this the longest speaker election in House history.[63]
December 1857
An election for speaker took place on December 7, 1857 at the start of the 35th Congress, following the 1856 / 57 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. James L. Orr received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.
1857 election for speaker[67] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | James L. Orr (B) | 128 | 56.89 | |
Republican | Galusha A. Grow (B) | 84 | 37.33 | |
American | Felix Zollicoffer (B) | 3 | 1.33 | |
Republican | Lewis D. Campbell (B) | 3 | 1.34 | |
American | H. Winter Davis (B) | 2 | 0.90 | |
American | James B. Ricaud (B) | 2 | 0.90 | |
— | Others | 3 | 1.32 | |
Total votes | 225 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 113 | >50 |
December 1859 – February 1860
An election for speaker took place over the course of eight weeks, December 5, 1859 through February 1, 1860, at the start of the 36th Congress, following the 1858 / 59 elections in which the Republicans won a plurality of the seats. William Pennington, a freshman congressman, received a majority of the votes cast in the 44th ballot and was elected speaker.[68] The bitter election dispute deepened the rift between slave states and free states and helped push Southern political leaders further toward secession.[69]
December 5, 1859 – 1st ballot[70] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Thomas S. Bocock (B) | 86 | 37.40 | |
Republican | John Sherman (B) | 66 | 28.70 | |
Republican | Galusha A. Grow (B) | 43 | 18.70 | |
Opposition | Alexander Boteler (B) | 14 | 6.08 | |
Opposition | Thomas A. R. Nelson (B) | 5 | 2.17 | |
Opposition | John A. Gilmer (B) | 3 | 1.30 | |
Anti-Lecompton Democrat | Garnett Adrain (B) | 2 | 0.87 | |
Anti-Lecompton Democrat | John G. Davis (B) | 2 | 0.87 | |
Anti-Lecompton Democrat | John B. Haskin (B) | 2 | 0.87 | |
— | Others | 7 | 3.04 | |
Total votes: | 230 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 116 | >50 | ||
February 1, 1860 – 44th ballot[71] | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | William Pennington (B) | 117 | 50.22 | |
Democratic | John A. McClernand (B) | 85 | 36.48 | |
Opposition | John A. Gilmer (B) | 16 | 6.86 | |
Democratic | Martin J. Crawford (B) | 4 | 1.72 | |
Opposition | William N. H. Smith (B) | 4 | 1.72 | |
Democratic | John McQueen (B) | 2 | 0.86 | |
— | Others | 5 | 2.14 | |
Total votes: | 233 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 117 | >50 |
July 1861
An election for speaker took place July 4, 1861, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 37th Congress, following the 1860 / 61 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats, and the subsequent secession of several states from the Union at the outset of the Civil War.[lower-alpha 8] Galusha A. Grow received a majority of the votes cast on the first ballot and was elected speaker, but only after his chief opponent, Francis Preston Blair Jr., withdrew following the roll call vote, at which time 28 votes shifted to Grow.[73]
1861 election for speaker[74] [lower-alpha 9] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Galusha A. Grow (B) | 99 | 62.27 | |
Republican | Francis P. Blair Jr. (B) | 12 | 7.55 | |
Unionist | John J. Crittenden (B) | 12 | 7.55 | |
Democratic | John S. Phelps (B) | 7 | 4.40 | |
Democratic | Clement Vallandingham (B) | 7 | 4.40 | |
Democratic | Erastus Corning (B) | 7 | 4.40 | |
Democratic | Samuel S. Cox (B) | 6 | 3.77 | |
Democratic | William A. Richardson (B) | 3 | 1.89 | |
Democratic | John A. McClernand (B) | 2 | 1.26 | |
— | Others | 4 | 2.51 | |
Total votes | 159 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 80 | >50 |
December 1863
An election for speaker took place on December 7, 1863, at the start of the 38th Congress, following the 1862 / 63 elections in which Republicans won only a plurality of the seats, but retained control of the House with the assistance of Unconditional Unionist members. Schuyler Colfax received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.
1863 election for speaker[75] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Schuyler Colfax (B) | 101 | 55.49 | |
Democratic | Samuel S. Cox (B) | 42 | 23.08 | |
Democratic | John L. Dawson (B) | 12 | 6.59 | |
Unionist | Robert Mallory (B) | 10 | 5.49 | |
Democratic | Henry G. Stebbins (B) | 8 | 4.40 | |
Unionist | Austin A. King (B) | 6 | 3.30 | |
Republican | Francis P. Blair Jr. (B) | 2 | 1.10 | |
Democratic | John D. Stiles (B) | 1 | 0.55 | |
Total votes | 182 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 92 | >50 |
December 1865
An election for speaker took place on December 4, 1865, at the start of the 39th Congress, following the 1864 / 65 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Schuyler Colfax received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1865 election for speaker[76] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Schuyler Colfax (B) (Incumbent) | 139 | 79.43 | |
Democratic | James Brooks (B) | 36 | 20.57 | |
Total votes | 175 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 88 | >50 |
March 1867
An election for speaker took place on March 4, 1867, at the start of the 40th Congress, following the 1866 / 67 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Schuyler Colfax received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1867 election for speaker[77] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Schuyler Colfax (B) (Incumbent) | 127 | 80.89 | |
Democratic | Samuel S. Marshall (B) | 30 | 19.11 | |
Total votes | 157 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 79 | >50 |
March 1869 (40th Congress)
On March 3, 1869, the final full day of the 40th Congress, Schuyler Colfax, who was to be sworn into office as the nation's 17th vice president the next day, resigned as speaker. Immediately afterward, the House passed a motion declaring Theodore Pomeroy duly elected speaker in place of Colfax (for one day).[78]
1869 special election for speaker[79] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Theodore M. Pomeroy (B) | Voice | U C |
March 1869 (41st Congress)
An election for speaker took place on March 4, 1869, at the start of the 41st Congress, following the 1868 / 69 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. James G. Blaine received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.
1869 election for speaker[80] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | James G. Blaine (B) | 135 | 70.31 | |
Democratic | Michael C. Kerr (B) | 57 | 29.69 | |
Total votes | 192 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 97 | >50 |
March 1871
An election for speaker took place on March 4, 1871, at the start of the 42nd Congress, following the 1870 / 71 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. James G. Blaine received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1871 election for speaker[81] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | James G. Blaine (B) (Incumbent) | 126 | 57.80 | |
Democratic | George W. Morgan (B) | 92 | 42.20 | |
Total votes | 218 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 110 | >50 |
December 1873
An election for speaker took place on December 2, 1873, at the start of the 43rd Congress, following the 1872 / 73 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. James G. Blaine received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1873 election for speaker[82] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | James G. Blaine (B) (Incumbent) | 189 | 70.26 | |
Democratic | Fernando Wood (B) | 76 | 28.25 | |
— | Others | 4 | 1.49 | |
Total votes | 269 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 135 | >50 |
December 1875
An election for speaker took place on December 6, 1875, at the start of the 44th Congress, following the 1874 / 75 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Michael C. Kerr, who had just returned to Congress after losing re-election two years earlier, received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[83] This was the first time in 16 years, since 1859, that Democrats controlled the House.[84]
1875 election for speaker[85] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Michael C. Kerr (B) | 173 | 61.35 | |
Republican | James G. Blaine (B) (Incumbent) | 106 | 37.59 | |
— | Others | 3 | 1.06 | |
Total votes | 282 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 142 | >50 |
August 1876
Michael C. Kerr died on August 19, 1876,[83] between the first and second sessions of the 44th Congress. Consequently, an intra-term election for a new speaker was held on December 4, 1876, when Congress reconvened. Samuel J. Randall received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[86][87]
1876 special election for speaker[88] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Samuel J. Randall (B) | 162 | 65.59 | |
Republican | James A. Garfield (B) | 82 | 33.20 | |
— | Others | 3 | 1.21 | |
Total votes | 247 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 124 | >50 |
October 1877
An election for speaker took place on October 15, 1877, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 45th Congress, following the 1876 / 77 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats, and the electoral crisis spawned by the contentious 1876 presidential election. Samuel J. Randall received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.[86]
1877 election for speaker[89] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Samuel J. Randall (B) (Incumbent) | 149 | 53.03 | |
Republican | James A. Garfield (B) | 132 | 46.97 | |
Total votes | 281 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 141 | >50 |
March 1879
An election for speaker took place on March 18, 1879, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 46th Congress, following the 1878 / 79 elections in which Democrats won only a plurality of the seats, but retained control of power with the help of several Independent Democrats. Samuel J. Randall received a slim majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.[90]
1879 election for speaker[90][91] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Samuel J. Randall (B) (Incumbent) | 144 | 50.88 | |
Republican | James A. Garfield (B) | 125 | 44.17 | |
Greenback | Hendrick B. Wright (B) | 13 | 4.59 | |
Republican | William D. Kelley (B) | 1 | 0.35 | |
Total votes | 283 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 142 | >50 |
December 1881
An election for speaker took place on December 5, 1881, at the start of the 47th Congress following the 1880 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. J. Warren Keifer won a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[92]
1881 election for speaker[93] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | J. Warren Keifer (B) | 148 | 51.93 | |
Democratic | Samuel J. Randall (B) (Incumbent) | 129 | 45.26 | |
Greenback | Nicholas Ford (B) | 8 | 2.81 | |
Total votes | 285 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 143 | >50 |
December 1883
An election for speaker took place on December 3, 1883, at the start of the 48th Congress following the 1882 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. John G. Carlisle received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[94]
1883 election for speaker[95] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | John G. Carlisle (B) | 190 | 61.69 | |
Republican | J. Warren Keifer (B) (Incumbent) | 113 | 36.69 | |
Republican | George D. Robinson (B) | 2 | 0.66 | |
Republican | James W. Wadsworth (B) | 1 | 0.32 | |
Republican | Edward S. Lacey (B) | 1 | 0.32 | |
Readjuster | John S. Wise (B) | 1 | 0.32 | |
Total votes | 308 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 155 | >50 |
December 1885
An election for speaker took place on December 7, 1885, at the start of the 49th Congress following the 1884 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. John G. Carlisle received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.[94]
1885 election for speaker[96] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | John G. Carlisle (B) (Incumbent) | 178 | 56.33 | |
Republican | Thomas B. Reed (B) | 138 | 43.67 | |
Total votes | 316 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 159 | >50 |
December 1887
An election for speaker took place on December 5, 1887, at the start of the 50th Congress following the 1886 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. John G. Carlisle received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.[94]
1887 election for speaker[97] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | John G. Carlisle (B) (Incumbent) | 163 | 52.24 | |
Republican | Thomas B. Reed (B) | 147 | 47.12 | |
Republican | Charles N. Brumm (B) | 2 | 0.64 | |
Total votes | 312 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 157 | >50 |
December 1889
An election for speaker took place on December 2, 1889, at the start of the 51st Congress following the 1888 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Thomas B. Reed received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[98]
1889 election for speaker[99] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Thomas B. Reed (B) | 166 | 51.71 | |
Democratic | John G. Carlisle (B) (Incumbent) | 154 | 47.98 | |
Democratic | Amos J. Cummings (B) | 1 | 0.31 | |
Total votes | 321 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 161 | >50 |
December 1891
An election for speaker took place on December 8, 1891, at the start of the 52nd Congress following the 1890 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Charles F. Crisp received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[100]
1891 election for speaker[101] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Charles F. Crisp (B) | 228 | 71.47 | |
Republican | Thomas B. Reed (B) | 83 | 26.02 | |
Populist | Thomas E. Watson (B) | 8 | 2.51 | |
Votes necessary | 160 | >50 |
August 1893
An election for speaker took place on August 7, 1893, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 53rd Congress following the 1892 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Charles F. Crisp received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.[100]
1893 election for speaker[102] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Charles F. Crisp (B) (Incumbent) | 213 | 62.46 | |
Republican | Thomas B. Reed (B) | 121 | 35.49 | |
Populist | Jerry Simpson (B) | 7 | 2.05 | |
Total votes | 341 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 171 | >50 |
December 1895
An election for speaker took place on December 2, 1895, at the start of the 54th Congress following the 1894 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Former speaker Thomas B. Reed received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[103]
1895 election for speaker[104] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Thomas B. Reed (B) | 240 | 70.18 | |
Democratic | Charles F. Crisp (B) (Incumbent) | 95 | 27.78 | |
Populist | John C. Bell (B) | 6 | 1.75 | |
Democratic | David B. Culberson (B) | 1 | 0.29 | |
Total votes | 342 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 172 | >50 |
March 1897
An election for speaker took place on March 15, 1897, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 55th Congress following the 1896 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Thomas B. Reed received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.[103]
1897 election for speaker[105] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Thomas B. Reed (B) (Incumbent) | 200 | 59.52 | |
Democratic | Joseph W. Bailey (B) | 114 | 33.93 | |
Populist | John C. Bell (B) | 21 | 6.25 | |
Silver | Francis G. Newlands (B) | 1 | 0.30 | |
Total votes | 336 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 169 | >50 |
December 1899
An election for speaker took place December 4, 1899, at the start of the 56th Congress following the 1898 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. David B. Henderson received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[106]
1898 election for speaker[107] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | David B. Henderson (B) | 177 | 52.68 | |
Democratic | James D. Richardson (B) | 153 | 45.54 | |
Populist | John C. Bell (B) | 4 | 1.19 | |
Silver | Francis G. Newlands (B) | 2 | 0.59 | |
Total votes | 336 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 169 | >50 |
Elections from 1901 to 1999
December 1901
An election for speaker took place December 2, 1901, at the start of the 57th Congress following the 1900 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. David B. Henderson received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.[108]
1901 election for speaker[109] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | David B. Henderson (B) (Incumbent) | 192 | 55.49 | |
Democratic | James D. Richardson (B) | 152 | 43.93 | |
Populist | William L. Stark (B) | 1 | 0.29 | |
Democratic | Amos J. Cummings (B) | 1 | 0.29 | |
Total votes | 346 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 174 | >50 |
November 1903
An election for speaker took place November 9, 1903, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 58th Congress following the 1902 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Joseph Cannon received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.
1903 election for speaker[110] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Joseph Cannon (B) | 198 | 54.25 | |
Democratic | John Williams (B) | 167 | 45.75 | |
Total votes | 365 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 183 | >50 |
December 1905
An election for speaker took place December 4, 1905, at the start of the 59th Congress following the 1904 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Joseph Cannon received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1905 election for speaker[111] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Joseph Cannon (B) (Incumbent) | 243 | 65.50 | |
Democratic | John Williams (B) | 128 | 34.50 | |
Total votes | 371 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 186 | >50 |
December 1907
An election for speaker took place December 2, 1907, at the start of the 60th Congress following the 1906 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Joseph Cannon received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1907 election for speaker[112] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Joseph Cannon (B) (Incumbent) | 213 | 56.80 | |
Democratic | John Williams (B) | 162 | 43.20 | |
Total votes | 375 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 188 | >50 |
March 1909
An election for speaker took place March 15, 1909, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 61st Congress following the 1908 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Joseph Cannon received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. Cannon's election to a fourth term as speaker was challenged by a group of dissatisfied progressive Republicans; 12 of these insurgents voted for other people.[113][114]
1909 election for speaker[115] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Joseph Cannon (B) (Incumbent) | 204 | 53.40 | |
Democratic | Champ Clark (B) | 166 | 43.46 | |
Republican | Henry A. Cooper (B) | 8 | 2.10 | |
Republican | George W. Norris (B) | 2 | 0.52 | |
Republican | John J. Esch (B) | 1 | 0.26 | |
Republican | William P. Hepburn (B) | 1 | 0.26 | |
Total votes | 382 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 192 | >50 |
April 1911
An election for speaker took place April 4, 1911, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 62nd Congress following the 1910 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Champ Clark received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. This was the first time in 16 years, since 1895, that Democrats controlled the House.[116]
1911 election for speaker[117] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Champ Clark (B) | 220 | 59.78 | |
Republican | James R. Mann (B) | 131 | 35.60 | |
Republican | Henry A. Cooper (B) | 16 | 4.35 | |
Republican | George W. Norris (B) | 1 | 0.27 | |
Total votes | 368 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 185 | >50 |
April 1913
An election for speaker took place April 7, 1913, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 63rd Congress following the 1912 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Champ Clark received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1913 election for speaker[118] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Champ Clark (B) (Incumbent) | 272 | 66.99 | |
Republican | James R. Mann (B) | 111 | 27.34 | |
Republican | Victor Murdock (B) | 18 | 4.43 | |
Republican | Henry A. Cooper (B) | 4 | 0.99 | |
Republican | John M. Nelson (B) | 1 | 0.25 | |
Total votes | 406 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 204 | >50 |
December 1915
An election for speaker took place December 6, 1915, at the start of the 64th Congress following the 1914 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Champ Clark received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1915 election for speaker[119] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Champ Clark (B) (Incumbent) | 222 | 52.61 | |
Republican | James R. Mann (B) | 195 | 46.21 | |
— | Present | 5 | 1.18 | |
Total votes | 422 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 212 | >50 |
April 1917
An election for speaker took place April 2, 1917, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 65th Congress following 1916 elections in which Republicans won a plurality of the seats. Even so, Champ Clark received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. Democrats were able to retain control of the House by forming a Coalition with third-party (Progressive, Prohibition and Socialist) members.[120]
1917 election for speaker[121] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Champ Clark (B) (Incumbent) | 217 | 50.70 | |
Republican | James R. Mann (B) | 205 | 47.89 | |
Republican | Frederick H. Gillett (B) | 2 | 0.47 | |
Republican | Irvine Lenroot (B) | 2 | 0.47 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.47 | |
Total votes | 428 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 215 | >50 |
May 1919
An election for speaker took place May 19, 1919, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 66th Congress following 1918 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Frederick H. Gillett received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[122]
1919 election for speaker[123] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Frederick H. Gillett (B) | 228 | 57.00 | |
Democratic | Champ Clark (B) (Incumbent) | 172 | 43.00 | |
Total votes | 400 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 201 | >50 |
April 1921
An election for speaker took place April 11, 1921, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 67th Congress following 1920 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Frederick H. Gillett received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1921 election for speaker[124] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Frederick H. Gillett (B) (Incumbent) | 297 | 70.01 | |
Democratic | Claude Kitchin (B) | 122 | 29.05 | |
— | Present | 1 | 0.24 | |
Total votes | 420 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 211 | >50 |
December 1923
An election for speaker took place December 3–5, 1923, at the start of the 68th Congress, following the 1922 elections in which the Republicans won a majority of the seats. Frederick H. Gillett received a majority of the votes cast in the 9th ballot and was re-elected speaker. Progressive Republicans had refused to support Gillett for the first eight ballots. Only after winning concessions from Republican conference leaders (a seat on the House Rules Committee and a pledge that requested House rules changes would be considered) did they agree to support him.[125]
December 3, 1923 – 1st ballot[126] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Frederick H. Gillett (B) (Incumbent) | 197 | 47.58 | |
Democratic | Finis J. Garrett (B) | 195 | 47.10 | |
Republican | Henry A. Cooper (B) | 17 | 4.11 | |
Republican | Martin B. Madden (B) | 5 | 1.21 | |
Total votes: | 414 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 208 | >50 | ||
December 5, 1923 – 9th ballot[127] | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Frederick H. Gillett (B) (Incumbent) | 215 | 51.94 | |
Democratic | Finis J. Garrett (B) | 197 | 47.58 | |
Republican | Martin B. Madden (B) | 2 | 0.48 | |
Total votes: | 414 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary: | 208 | >50 |
December 1925
An election for speaker took place December 7, 1925, at the start of the 69th Congress following 1924 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Nicholas Longworth received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker, even though progressive Republicans refused to vote for him.[128]
1925 election for speaker[129] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Nicholas Longworth (B) | 229 | 54.52 | |
Democratic | Finis J. Garrett (B) | 173 | 41.19 | |
Republican | Henry A. Cooper (B) | 13 | 3.10 | |
— | Present | 5 | 1.19 | |
Total votes | 420 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 211 | >50 |
December 1927
An election for speaker took place December 5, 1927, at the start of the 70th Congress following 1926 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Nicholas Longworth received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1927 election for speaker[130] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Nicholas Longworth (B) (Incumbent) | 225 | 53.96 | |
Democratic | Finis J. Garrett (B) | 177 | 42.44 | |
— | Present | 5 | 1.20 | |
Total votes | 417 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 209 | >50 |
April 1929
An election for speaker took place April 15, 1929, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 71st Congress following 1928 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Nicholas Longworth received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1929 election for speaker[131] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Nicholas Longworth (B) (Incumbent) | 254 | 63.82 | |
Democratic | John N. Garner (B) | 143 | 35.93 | |
— | Present | 1 | 0.25 | |
Total votes | 398 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 200 | >50 |
December 1931
An election for speaker took place on December 7, 1931, at the start of the 72nd Congress, following the 1930 elections in which Republicans won a one-seat majority. However, during the 13 months between Election Day and the start of the new Congress, 14 members-elect died, including the incumbent speaker, Nicholas Longworth, who died on April 9, 1931. After the Republicans lost four of the special elections called to fill the vacancies, when Congress convened, the Democrats held a three-seat majority in the House. John N. Garner received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[132][133]
1931 election for speaker[134] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | John N. Garner (B) | 218 | 50.69 | |
Republican | Bertrand Snell (B) | 207 | 48.14 | |
Republican | George J. Schneider (B) | 5 | 1.17 | |
Total votes | 430 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 216 | >50 |
March 1933
An election for speaker took place March 9, 1933, at the start[lower-alpha 3] of the 73rd Congress, following the 1932 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Henry T. Rainey received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[135]
1933 election for speaker[136] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Henry T. Rainey (B) | 302 | 72.25 | |
Republican | Bertrand Snell (B) | 110 | 26.32 | |
Farmer–Labor | Paul J. Kvale (B) | 5 | 1.19 | |
— | Present | 1 | 0.24 | |
Total votes | 418 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 210 | >50 |
January 1935
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1935, on the opening day of the 74th Congress,[lower-alpha 10] two months after the 1934 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Joseph Byrns received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[139]
1935 election for speaker[140] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Joseph Byrns (B) | 317 | 74.41 | |
Republican | Bertrand Snell (B) | 95 | 22.30 | |
style="background-color: Template:Wisconsin Progressive Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | [[Wisconsin Progressive Party|Template:Wisconsin Progressive Party/meta/shortname]] | George J. Schneider (B) | 9 | 2.11 |
Republican | William P. Lambertson (B) | 2 | 0.47 | |
— | Present | 3 | 0.71 | |
Total votes | 426 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 214 | >50 |
June 1936
Speaker Joseph W. Byrns died suddenly in the early hours of June 4, 1936, during the 74th Congress. Consequently, when the House convened that day, a resolution declaring William B. Bankhead duly elected speaker was adopted by voice vote.[141]
1936 special election for speaker[142] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | William B. Bankhead (B) | Voice | U C |
January 1937
An election for speaker took place on January 5, 1937 on the opening day of the 75th Congress, two months after the 1936 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. William B. Bankhead received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1937 election for speaker[143] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | William B. Bankhead (B) (Incumbent) | 324 | 76.78 | |
Republican | Bertrand Snell (B) | 83 | 19.67 | |
style="background-color: Template:Wisconsin Progressive Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | [[Wisconsin Progressive Party|Template:Wisconsin Progressive Party/meta/shortname]] | George J. Schneider (B) | 10 | 2.37 |
Republican | Fred L. Crawford (B) | 2 | 0.47 | |
— | Present | 3 | 0.71 | |
Total votes | 421 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 211 | >50 |
January 1939
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1939, on the opening day of the 76th Congress, two months after the 1938 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. William B. Bankhead received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1939 election for speaker[144] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | William B. Bankhead (B) (Incumbent) | 249 | 59.29 | |
Republican | Joseph W. Martin Jr. (B) | 168 | 40.00 | |
style="background-color: Template:Wisconsin Progressive Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | [[Wisconsin Progressive Party|Template:Wisconsin Progressive Party/meta/shortname]] | Merlin Hull (B) | 1 | 0.24 |
style="background-color: Template:Wisconsin Progressive Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | [[Wisconsin Progressive Party|Template:Wisconsin Progressive Party/meta/shortname]] | Bernard J. Gehrmann (B) | 1 | 0.24 |
— | Present | 1 | 0.24 | |
Total votes | 420 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 211 | >50 |
September 1940
Speaker William B. Bankhead died on September 15, 1940 during the 76th Congress. Accordingly, when the House convened the next day, a resolution declaring Sam Rayburn duly elected speaker was adopted by voice vote.[5]
1940 special election for speaker[145] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Sam Rayburn (B) | Voice | U C |
January 1941
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1941, on the opening day of the 77th Congress, two months after the 1940 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Sam Rayburn received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1941 election for speaker[146] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Sam Rayburn (B) (Incumbent) | 247 | 60.24 | |
Republican | Joseph W. Martin Jr. (B) | 159 | 38.79 | |
style="background-color: Template:Wisconsin Progressive Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | [[Wisconsin Progressive Party|Template:Wisconsin Progressive Party/meta/shortname]] | Merlin Hull (B) | 2 | 0.49 |
style="background-color: Template:Wisconsin Progressive Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | [[Wisconsin Progressive Party|Template:Wisconsin Progressive Party/meta/shortname]] | Bernard J. Gehrmann (B) | 1 | 0.24 |
— | Present | 1 | 0.24 | |
Total votes | 410 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 206 | >50 |
January 1943
An election for speaker took place on January 6, 1943, on the opening day of the 78th Congress, two months after the 1942 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Sam Rayburn received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1943 election for speaker[147] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Sam Rayburn (B) (Incumbent) | 217 | 50.93 | |
Republican | Joseph W. Martin Jr. (B) | 206 | 48.35 | |
style="background-color: Template:Wisconsin Progressive Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | [[Wisconsin Progressive Party|Template:Wisconsin Progressive Party/meta/shortname]] | Merlin Hull (B) | 1 | 0.24 |
style="background-color: Template:Wisconsin Progressive Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | | [[Wisconsin Progressive Party|Template:Wisconsin Progressive Party/meta/shortname]] | Harry Sauthoff (B) | 1 | 0.24 |
— | Present | 1 | 0.24 | |
Total votes | 426 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 214 | >50 |
January 1945
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1945, on the opening day of the 79th Congress, two months after the 1944 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Sam Rayburn received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1945 election for speaker[148] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Sam Rayburn (B) (Incumbent) | 224 | 56.85 | |
Republican | Joseph W. Martin Jr. (B) | 168 | 42.64 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.51 | |
Total votes | 394 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 198 | >50 |
January 1947
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1947, on the opening day of the 80th Congress, two months after the 1946 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Joseph W. Martin Jr. received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. This was the first time in 16 years, since 1931, that Republicans controlled the House.
1947 election for speaker[149] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Joseph W. Martin Jr. (B) | 244 | 57.28 | |
Democratic | Sam Rayburn (B) (Incumbent) | 182 | 42.72 | |
Total votes | 426 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 214 | >50 |
January 1949
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1949, on the opening day of the 81st Congress, two months after the 1948 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Former speaker Sam Rayburn received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.
1949 election for speaker[150] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Sam Rayburn (B) | 255 | 61.30 | |
Republican | Joseph W. Martin Jr. (B) (Incumbent) | 160 | 38.46 | |
— | Present | 1 | 0.24 | |
Total votes | 416 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 209 | >50 |
January 1951
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1951, on the opening day of the 82nd Congress, two months after the 1950 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Sam Rayburn received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1951 election for speaker[151] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Sam Rayburn (B) (Incumbent) | 231 | 54.23 | |
Republican | Joseph W. Martin Jr. (B) | 192 | 45.07 | |
— | Present | 3 | 0.70 | |
Total votes | 426 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 214 | >50 |
January 1953
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1953, on the opening day of the 83rd Congress, two months after the 1952 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Former speaker Joseph W. Martin Jr. received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[152]
1953 election for speaker[153] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Joseph W. Martin Jr. (B) | 220 | 51.89 | |
Democratic | Sam Rayburn (B) (Incumbent) | 201 | 47.41 | |
— | Present | 3 | 0.70 | |
Total votes | 424 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 213 | >50 |
January 1955
An election for speaker took place on January 5, 1955, on the opening day of the 84th Congress, two months after the 1954 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Former speaker Sam Rayburn received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker, becoming the first member since Henry Clay in the 1820s to have a third stint as speaker.
1955 election for speaker[154] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Sam Rayburn (B) | 228 | 53.52 | |
Republican | Joseph W. Martin Jr. (B) (Incumbent) | 198 | 46.48 | |
Total votes | 426 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 214 | >50 |
January 1957
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1957, on the opening day of the 85th Congress, two months after the 1956 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Sam Rayburn received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1957 election for speaker[155] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Sam Rayburn (B) (Incumbent) | 227 | 53.04 | |
Republican | Joseph W. Martin Jr. (B) | 199 | 46.49 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.47 | |
Total votes | 428 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 215 | >50 |
January 1959
An election for speaker took place on January 7, 1959, on the opening day of the 86th Congress, two months after the 1958 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Sam Rayburn received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1959 election for speaker[156] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Sam Rayburn (B) (Incumbent) | 281 | 65.19 | |
Republican | Charles Halleck (B) | 148 | 34.35 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.46 | |
Total votes | 431 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 216 | >50 |
January 1961
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1961, on the opening day of the 87th Congress, two months after the 1960 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Sam Rayburn received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1961 election for speaker[157] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Sam Rayburn (B) (Incumbent) | 258 | 60.00 | |
Republican | Charles Halleck (B) | 170 | 39.54 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.46 | |
Total votes | 430 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 216 | >50 |
January 1962
Sam Rayburn died on November 16, 1961, between the first and second sessions of 87th Congress.[5] Consequently, an intra-term election for a new speaker was held on January 10, 1962, when Congress reconvened. John McCormack received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[158]
1962 special election for speaker[159] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | John McCormack (B) | 248 | 59.90 | |
Republican | Charles Halleck (B) | 166 | 40.10 | |
Total votes | 414 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 208 | >50 |
January 1963
An election for speaker took place on January 9, 1963, on the opening day of the 88th Congress, two months after the 1962 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. John W. McCormack received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1965 election for speaker[160] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | John McCormack (B) (Incumbent) | 256 | 59.12 | |
Republican | Charles Halleck (B) | 175 | 40.42 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.46 | |
Total votes | 433 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 217 | >50 |
January 1965
An election for speaker took place on January 4, 1965, on the opening day of the 89th Congress, two months after the 1964 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. John W. McCormack received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1965 election for speaker[160] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | John McCormack (B) (Incumbent) | 289 | 67.52 | |
Republican | Gerald Ford (B) | 139 | 32.48 | |
Total votes | 428 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 215 | >50 |
January 1967
An election for speaker took place on January 10, 1967, on the opening day of the 90th Congress, two months after the 1966 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. John W. McCormack received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1967 election for speaker[161] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | John McCormack (B) (Incumbent) | 246 | 56.94 | |
Republican | Gerald Ford (B) | 186 | 43.06 | |
Total votes | 432 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 217 | >50 |
January 1969
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1969, on the opening day of the 91st Congress, two months after the 1968 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. John W. McCormack received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1969 election for speaker[162] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | John McCormack (B) (Incumbent) | 241 | 56.31 | |
Republican | Gerald Ford (B) | 187 | 43.69 | |
Total votes | 428 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 215 | >50 |
January 1971
An election for speaker took place on January 21, 1971, on the opening day of the 92nd Congress, two months after the 1970 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Carl Albert received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[163]
1971 election for speaker[164] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Carl Albert (B) | 250 | 58.68 | |
Republican | Gerald Ford (B) | 176 | 41.32 | |
Total votes | 426 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 214 | >50 |
January 1973
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1973, on the opening day of the 93rd Congress, two months after the 1972 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Carl Albert received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1973 election for speaker[165] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Carl Albert (B) (Incumbent) | 236 | 55.66 | |
Republican | Gerald Ford (B) | 188 | 44.34 | |
Total votes | 424 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 213 | >50 |
January 1975
An election for speaker took place on January 14, 1975, on the opening day of the 94th Congress, two months after the 1974 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Carl Albert received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1975 election for speaker[166] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Carl Albert (B) (Incumbent) | 287 | 66.43 | |
Republican | John J. Rhodes (B) | 143 | 33.11 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.46 | |
Total votes | 432 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 217 | >50 |
January 1977
An election for speaker took place on January 4, 1977, on the opening day of the 95th Congress, two months after the 1976 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Tip O'Neill received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.
1977 election for speaker[167] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Tip O'Neill (B) | 290 | 66.82 | |
Republican | John J. Rhodes (B) | 142 | 32.72 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.46 | |
Total votes | 434 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 218 | >50 |
January 1979
An election for speaker took place on January 15, 1979, on the opening day of the 96th Congress, two months after the 1978 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Tip O'Neill received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1979 election for speaker[168] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Tip O'Neill (B) (Incumbent) | 268 | 63.51 | |
Republican | John J. Rhodes (B) | 152 | 36.02 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.47 | |
Total votes | 422 | 112 | ||
Votes necessary | 212 | >50 |
January 1981
An election for speaker took place on January 5, 1981, on the opening day of the 97th Congress, two months after the 1980 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Tip O'Neill received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1981 election for speaker[169] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Tip O'Neill (B) (Incumbent) | 234 | 55.98 | |
Republican | Robert H. Michel (B) | 182 | 43.54 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.48 | |
Total votes | 419 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 210 | >50 |
January 1983
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1983, on the opening day of the 98th Congress, two months after the 1982 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Tip O'Neill received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1983 election for speaker[170] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Tip O'Neill (B) (Incumbent) | 260 | 62.35 | |
Republican | Robert H. Michel (B) | 155 | 37.17 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.48 | |
Total votes | 417 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 209 | >50 |
January 1985
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1985, on the opening day of the 99th Congress, two months after the 1984 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Tip O'Neill received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1985 election for speaker[171] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Tip O'Neill (B) (Incumbent) | 247 | 58.11 | |
Republican | Robert H. Michel (B) | 175 | 41.18 | |
— | Present | 3 | 0.71 | |
Total votes | 425 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 213 | >50 |
January 1987
An election for speaker took place on January 6, 1987, on the opening day of the 100th Congress, two months after the 1986 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Jim Wright received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.
1987 election for speaker[172] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Jim Wright (B) | 254 | 59.21 | |
Republican | Robert H. Michel (B) | 173 | 40.33 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.46 | |
Total votes | 429 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 215 | >50 |
January 1989
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1989, on the opening day of the 101st Congress, two months after the 1988 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Jim Wright received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1989 election for speaker[173] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Jim Wright (B) (Incumbent) | 253 | 59.53 | |
Republican | Robert H. Michel (B) | 170 | 40.00 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.47 | |
Total votes | 425 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 213 | >50 |
June 1989
In June 1989, Jim Wright resigned as speaker of the House and from Congress amid a House Ethics Committee investigation into his financial dealings.[174] Consequently, an intra-term election for a new speaker was held on June 6, 1989, during the 101st Congress. Tom Foley received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[175]
1989 special election for speaker[176] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Tom Foley (B) | 251 | 60.19 | |
Republican | Robert H. Michel (B) | 164 | 39.33 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.48 | |
Total votes | 417 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 209 | >50 |
January 1991
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1991, on the opening day of the 102nd Congress, two months after the 1990 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Tom Foley received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1991 election for speaker[177] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Tom Foley (B) (Incumbent) | 262 | 61.07 | |
Republican | Robert H. Michel (B) | 165 | 38.47 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.46 | |
Total votes | 429 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 215 | >50 |
January 1993
An election for speaker took place on January 5, 1993, on the opening day of the 103rd Congress, two months after the 1992 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Tom Foley received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
1993 election for speaker[178] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Tom Foley (B) (Incumbent) | 255 | 59.16 | |
Republican | Robert H. Michel (B) | 174 | 40.38 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.46 | |
Total votes | 431 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 216 | >50 |
January 1995
An election for speaker took place on January 4, 1995, on the opening day of the 104th Congress, two months after the 1994 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Newt Gingrich received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. This was the first time in 40 years, since 1955, that Republicans controlled the House.[179]
1995 election for speaker[180] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Newt Gingrich (B) | 228 | 52.54 | |
Democratic | Dick Gephardt (B) | 202 | 46.55 | |
— | Present | 4 | 0.91 | |
Total votes | 434 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 218 | >50 |
January 1997
An election for speaker took place on January 7, 1997, on the opening day of the 105th Congress, two months after the 1996 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Newt Gingrich received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. A number of Republicans did not support Gingrich's bid for a second term, and a few of them voted for other people. It was the first time in half a century in which votes were cast for someone besides the Democratic or Republican nominee.[181]
1997 election for speaker[182] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Newt Gingrich (B) (Incumbent) | 216 | 50.83 | |
Democratic | Dick Gephardt (B) | 205 | 48.24 | |
Republican | Jim Leach (B) | 2 | 0.47 | |
Republican | Robert Michel[lower-alpha 11] | 1 | 0.23 | |
Republican | Robert Walker[lower-alpha 11] | 1 | 0.23 | |
Total votes | 425 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 213 | >50 |
January 1999
An election for speaker took place on January 6, 1999, on the opening day of the 106th Congress, two months after the 1998 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Dennis Hastert received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.
1999 election for speaker[183] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Dennis Hastert (B) | 222 | 52.00 | |
Democratic | Dick Gephardt (B) | 205 | 48.00 | |
Total votes | 427 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 214 | >50 |
Elections since 2001
January 2001
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 2001, on the opening day of the 107th Congress, two months after the 2000 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Dennis Hastert received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
2001 election for speaker[184] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Dennis Hastert (B) (Incumbent) | 222 | 51.50 | |
Democratic | Dick Gephardt (B) | 206 | 47.80 | |
Democratic | John Murtha (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
— | Present | 2 | 0.47 | |
Total votes | 431 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 216 | >50 |
January 2003
An election for speaker took place on January 7, 2003, on the opening day of the 108th Congress, two months after the 2002 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Dennis Hastert received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
2003 election for speaker[185] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Dennis Hastert (B) (Incumbent) | 228 | 52.53 | |
Democratic | Nancy Pelosi (B) | 201 | 46.31 | |
Democratic | John Murtha (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
— | Present | 4 | 0.93 | |
Total votes | 434 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 218 | >50 |
January 2005
An election for speaker took place on January 4, 2005, on the opening day of the 109th Congress, two months after the 2004 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Dennis Hastert received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
2005 election for speaker[186] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Dennis Hastert (B) (Incumbent) | 226 | 52.92 | |
Democratic | Nancy Pelosi (B) | 199 | 46.60 | |
Democratic | John Murtha (B) | 1 | 0.24 | |
— | Present | 1 | 0.24 | |
Total votes | 427 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 214 | >50 |
January 2007
An election for speaker took place on January 4, 2007, on the opening day of the 110th Congress, two months after the 2006 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Nancy Pelosi received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker, becoming the first woman speaker of the House in U.S. history.[187] This was the first time in 12 years, since 1995, that the Democrats controlled the House.
2007 election for speaker[188] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Nancy Pelosi (B) | 233 | 53.56 | |
Republican | John Boehner (B) | 202 | 46.44 | |
Total votes | 435 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 218 | >50 |
January 2009
An election for speaker took place on January 6, 2009, on the opening day of the 111th Congress, two months after the 2008 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Nancy Pelosi received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
2009 election for speaker[189] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Nancy Pelosi (B) (Incumbent) | 255 | 59.44 | |
Republican | John Boehner (B) | 174 | 40.56 | |
Total votes | 429 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 215 | >50 |
January 2011
An election for speaker took place on January 5, 2011, at the start of the 112th Congress, two months after the 2010 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. John Boehner received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker of the House. Frustrated by widespread election losses, several "Blue Dog Democrats" refused to vote for outgoing speaker Nancy Pelosi.[181][190]
2011 election for speaker[191] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | John Boehner (B) | 241 | 55.88 | |
Democratic | Nancy Pelosi (B) (Incumbent) | 173 | 39.96 | |
Democratic | Heath Shuler (B) | 11 | 2.53 | |
Democratic | John Lewis (B) | 2 | 0.48 | |
Democratic | Dennis Cardoza (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
Democratic | Jim Costa (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
Democratic | Jim Cooper (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
Democratic | Steny Hoyer (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
Democratic | Marcy Kaptur (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
Total votes | 432 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 217 | >50 |
January 2013
An election for speaker took place on January 3, 2013, at the start of the 113th Congress, two months after the 2012 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. John Boehner received a majority of the votes cast, despite the defections of several members from his own party, and was re-elected speaker.[192]
2013 election for speaker[193] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | John Boehner (B) (Incumbent) | 220 | 51.64 | |
Democratic | Nancy Pelosi (B) | 192 | 45.04 | |
Republican | Eric Cantor (B) | 3 | 0.70 | |
Democratic | Jim Cooper (B) | 2 | 0.47 | |
Republican | Allen West[lower-alpha 12] | 2 | 0.47 | |
Republican | Justin Amash (B) | 1 | 0.24 | |
Democratic | John Dingell (B) | 1 | 0.24 | |
Republican | Jim Jordan (B) | 1 | 0.24 | |
Republican | Raúl Labrador (B) | 1 | 0.24 | |
Democratic | John Lewis (B) | 1 | 0.24 | |
Republican | Colin Powell[lower-alpha 12] | 1 | 0.24 | |
Republican | David Walker[lower-alpha 12] | 1 | 0.24 | |
Total votes | 426 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 214 | >50 |
January 2015
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An election for speaker took place on January 6, 2015, at the start of the 114th Congress, two months after the 2014 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. John Boehner received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker, even though Freedom Caucus Republicans chose not to vote for him.[194]
2015 election for speaker[195] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | John Boehner (B) (Incumbent) | 216 | 52.95 | |
Democratic | Nancy Pelosi (B) | 164 | 40.20 | |
Republican | Dan Webster (B) | 12 | 2.95 | |
Republican | Louie Gohmert (B) | 3 | 0.74 | |
Republican | Ted Yoho (B) | 2 | 2.50 | |
Republican | Jim Jordan (B) | 2 | 0.50 | |
Republican | Jeff Duncan (B) | 1 | 0.24 | |
Republican | Rand Paul[lower-alpha 13] | 1 | 0.24 | |
Republican | Colin Powell[lower-alpha 13] | 1 | 0.24 | |
Republican | Trey Gowdy (B) | 1 | 0.24 | |
Republican | Kevin McCarthy (B) | 1 | 0.24 | |
Democratic | Jim Cooper (B) | 1 | 0.24 | |
Democratic | Peter DeFazio (B) | 1 | 0.24 | |
Republican | Jeff Sessions[lower-alpha 13] | 1 | 0.24 | |
Democratic | John Lewis (B) | 1 | 0.24 | |
Total votes | 408 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 205 | >50 |
October 2015
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On September 25, 2015, John Boehner formally announced his intention to resign from the speakership and the House.[196] Consequently, an intra-term election for a new speaker was held on October 29, 2015, during the 114th Congress. Paul Ryan received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.[197]
2015 special election for speaker[198] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Paul Ryan (B) | 236 | 54.63 | |
Democratic | Nancy Pelosi (B) | 184 | 42.60 | |
Republican | Dan Webster (B) | 9 | 2.08 | |
Democratic | Jim Cooper (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
Democratic | John Lewis (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
Republican | Colin Powell[lower-alpha 14] | 1 | 0.23 | |
Total votes | 432 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 217 | >50 |
January 2017
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An election for speaker took place on January 3, 2017, on the opening day of the 115th Congress, two months after the 2016 elections in which Republicans won a majority of the seats. Paul Ryan received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.[199]
2017 election for speaker[200] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Republican | Paul Ryan (B) (Incumbent) | 239 | 55.19 | |
Democratic | Nancy Pelosi (B) | 189 | 43.65 | |
Democratic | Tim Ryan (B) | 2 | 0.47 | |
Democratic | Jim Cooper (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
Democratic | John Lewis (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
Republican | Dan Webster (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
Total votes | 433 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 217 | >50 |
January 2019
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An election for speaker took place on January 3, 2019, on the opening day of the 116th Congress, two months after the 2018 elections in which Democrats won a majority of the seats. Former speaker Nancy Pelosi received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker, even though several Democrats chose not to vote for her.[201] She is the first person since Sam Rayburn in the 1950s to return to the speakership after losing it.[202]
2019 election for speaker[203] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Nancy Pelosi (B) | 220 | 51.17 | |
Republican | Kevin McCarthy (B) | 192 | 44.66 | |
Republican | Jim Jordan (B) | 5 | 1.16 | |
Democratic | Cheri Bustos (B) | 4 | 0.93 | |
Democratic | Tammy Duckworth[lower-alpha 15] | 2 | 0.47 | |
Democratic | Stacey Abrams[lower-alpha 15] | 1 | 0.23 | |
Democratic | Joe Biden[lower-alpha 15] | 1 | 0.23 | |
Democratic | Marcia Fudge (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
Democratic | Joe Kennedy III (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
Democratic | John Lewis (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
Republican | Thomas Massie (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
Democratic | Stephanie Murphy (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
Total votes | 430 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 216 | >50 |
January 2021
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An election for speaker took place on January 3, 2021, at the start of the 117th Congress, two months after the 2020 elections in which Democrats won a slim majority of the seats. In a break with tradition due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all House members-elect did not gather together in the chamber to vote and record their presence, but rather, were summoned to the chambers in seven groups of about 72 persons.[204] Nancy Pelosi received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.
2021 election for speaker[205] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
Democratic | Nancy Pelosi (B) (Incumbent) | 216 | 50.59 | |
Republican | Kevin McCarthy (B) | 209 | 48.95 | |
Democratic | Hakeem Jeffries (B) | 1 | 0.23 | |
Democratic | Tammy Duckworth[lower-alpha 16] | 1 | 0.23 | |
Total votes | 427 | 100 | ||
Votes necessary | 214 | >50 |
Notes
- ↑ As the specific number of votes in the 1791 speaker election is not known, a candidate vote percentage is indeterminable.
- ↑ As the specific number of third ballot votes for others in the 1793 speaker election is not known, candidate vote percentages are indeterminable.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 This was the date upon which the House met for the first time during a special session of Congress, convened by presidential proclamation in accordance with Article II, Section 3, Clause 3 of the Constitution; it is not necessarily the start date of the special session.[14]
- ↑ Though Bell won the special election thanks to opposition support, he promoted President Jackson's agenda throughout the balance of the 23rd Congress. Bell openly broke with the president, however, in 1835, by endorsing Tennessee Senator Hugh White, rather than Democratic Party nominee Martin Van Buren, as Jackson's successor. Bell was branded a "hypocritical apostate" and expelled from the party.[41]
- ↑ Because the 1849 election of Howell Cobb as speaker came as a result of an unconventional rules change, the House adopted a resolution declaring that Cobb had been duly chosen speaker by House members.[58]
- ↑ Nathaniel Banks had been a Democrat during the 33rd Congress, but was re-elected to the 34th Congress on the American (Know Nothing) ticket. During his tenure as speaker, Banks changed his political affiliation again, joining the new Republican Party and supporting its first presidential nominee, John C. Frémont, in the 1856 presidential election.[62]
- ↑ Because the 1856 election of Nathaniel Banks as speaker came as a result of an unconventional rules change, the House adopted a resolution declaring that Banks had been duly chosen speaker by House members.[66]
- ↑ As representatives resigned from Congress to join the Confederacy, or were expelled for supporting the rebellion, their seats were declared vacant. Some representatives were seated during the 37th Congress from: Louisiana (2 of 4), Tennessee (3 of 10) and Virginia (4 of 13). None were seated from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina or Texas (39 representatives altogether).[72]
- ↑ Table shows first ballot vote tally after vote shifts; votes before shifts were: Galusha A. Grow – 71, Francis P. Blair Jr. – 40, John J. Crittenden – 12, John S. Phelps – 7, Clement Vallandingham – 7, Erastus Corning – 6, Samuel S. Cox – 6, William A. Richardson – 3, John A. McClernand – 2, Others – 5 (total votes: 159 / votes necessary: 80).[74]
- ↑ The 74th Congress was the first U.S. Congress to commence on third day of January, as prescribed by the Twentieth Amendment, Section 2, which had been adopted in 1933.[137][138]
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Robert Michel and Robert Walker each received one vote in the 1997 speaker election, even though neither was a member of the House at the time.[3]
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Allen West, Colin Powell and David M. Walker each received votes in the 2013 speaker election, even though none of them was a member of the House at the time.[3]
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Rand Paul, Colin Powell and Jeff Sessions each received one vote in the January 2015 speaker election, even though none of them was a member of the House at the time.[3]
- ↑ Colin Powell received one vote in the October 2015 speaker election, even though he was not a member of the House at the time.[3]
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Tammy Duckworth, Stacey Abrams and Joe Biden each received votes in the 2019 speaker election, even though none of them was a member of the House at the time.[3]
- ↑ Tammy Duckworth received a vote in the 2021 speaker election, even though she was not a member of the House.
References
Citations
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- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 CRS RL30857
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, 10 Annals of Cong. 186 (1799).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, 20 Annals of Cong. 54–56 (1809).
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, 26 Annals of Cong. 105–106 (1813).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, 26 Annals of Cong. 1057 (1814).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, 31 Annals of Cong. 398 (1817).
- ↑ LOC, 35 Annals of Cong. 702 (1819).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, 37 Annals of Cong. 435–438 (1820).
- ↑ LOC, 38 Annals of Cong. 514–517 (1821).
- ↑ LOC, 41 Annals of Cong. 595 (1823).
- ↑ LOC, 19 Cong. Deb. 795 (1825).
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, 4 Cong. Deb. 811 (1827).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, 8 Cong. Deb. 1420 (1831).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, 10 Cong. Deb. 2136 (1833).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 23rd Cong., 1st Sess. 421 (1834).
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 24th Cong., 1st Sess. 3 (1835).
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 25th Cong., 1st Sess. 3 (1837).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 26th Cong., 1st Sess. 52 (1839).
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 26th Cong., 1st Sess. 56 (1839).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 27th Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1841).
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 28th Cong., 1st sess. 3 (1843).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 29th Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1845).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 30th Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1847).
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 31st Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1849).
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 LOC, Cong. Globe, 31st Cong., 1st Sess. 66 (1849).
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 32nd Cong., 1st Sess. 9–10 (1851).
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 33rd Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1853).
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 34th Cong., 1st Sess. 3 (1855).
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 34th Cong., 1st Sess. 337 (1856).
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 34th Cong., 1st Sess. 341 (1856).
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 35th Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1857).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 36th Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1859).
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 36th Cong., 1st Sess. 650 (1860).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 LOC, Cong. Globe, 37th Cong., 1st Sess. 4 (1861).
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 38th Cong., 1st Sess. 7–8 (1863).
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. 5 (1865).
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 40th Cong., 1st Sess. 4 (1867).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 40th Cong., 3rd Sess. 1868 (1869).
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 41st Cong., 1st Sess. 4–5 (1869).
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 42nd Cong., 1st Sess. 6 (1871).
- ↑ LOC, Cong. Globe, 43rd Cong., 1st Sess. 6 (1873).
- ↑ 83.0 83.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 4 Cong. Rec. 167 (1876).
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 5 Cong. Rec. 6 (1877).
- ↑ GPO, 6 Cong. Rec. 53 (1877).
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 9 Cong. Rec. 5 (1879).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 13 Cong. Rec. 8–9 (1882).
- ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 15 Cong. Rec. 4–5 (1884).
- ↑ GPO, 17 Cong. Rec. 106–107 (1886).
- ↑ GPO, 19 Cong. Rec. 6 (1888).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 21 Cong. Rec. 80–81 (1890).
- ↑ 100.0 100.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 23 Cong. Rec. 7–8 (1892).
- ↑ GPO, 25 Cong. Rec. 200–201 (1893).
- ↑ 103.0 103.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 28 Cong. Rec. 3–4 (1896).
- ↑ GPO, 30 Cong. Rec. 14 (1897).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 33 Cong. Rec. 4–5 (1900).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 35 Cong. Rec. 44 (1902).
- ↑ GPO, 37 Cong. Rec. 147–148 (1903).
- ↑ GPO, 40 Cong. Rec. 40–41 (1906).
- ↑ GPO, 42 Cong. Rec. 4–5 (1908).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 44 Cong. Rec. 17–18 (1909).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 47 Cong. Rec. 6–7 (1911).
- ↑ GPO, 50 Cong. Rec. 63–64 (1913).
- ↑ GPO, 53 Cong. Rec. 5–6 (1915).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 55 Cong. Rec. 106–108 (1917).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 58 Cong. Rec. 7–8 (1919).
- ↑ GPO, 61 Cong. Rec. 79–80 (1921).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 65 Cong. Rec. 8 (1923).
- ↑ GPO, 65 Cong. Rec. 15 (1923).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 67 Cong. Rec. 379–381 (1925).
- ↑ GPO, 69 Cong. Rec. 7–8 (1927).
- ↑ GPO, 71 Cong. Rec. 23–24 (1929).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 75 Cong. Rec. 7–8 (1932).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 77 Cong. Rec. 69–70 (1933).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 79 Cong. Rec. 10–11 (1935).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 80 Cong. Rec. 9016 (1936).
- ↑ GPO, 81 Cong. Rec. 11 (1937).
- ↑ GPO, 84 Cong. Rec. 10–11 (1939).
- ↑ GPO, 86 Cong. Rec. 12231 (1940).
- ↑ GPO, 87 Cong. Rec. 6–7 (1941).
- ↑ GPO, 89 Cong. Rec. 6 (1943).
- ↑ GPO, 91 Cong. Rec. 7–8 (1945).
- ↑ GPO, 93 Cong. Rec. 34–35 (1947).
- ↑ GPO, 95 Cong. Rec. 8–9 (1949).
- ↑ GPO, 97 Cong. Rec. 7 (1951).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 99 Cong. Rec. 12–13 (1953).
- ↑ GPO, 101 Cong. Rec. 8–9 (1955).
- ↑ GPO, 103 Cong. Rec. 45 (1957).
- ↑ GPO, 105 Cong. Rec. 12 (1959).
- ↑ GPO, 107 Cong. Rec. 22 (1961).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 108 Cong. Rec. 5 (1962).
- ↑ 160.0 160.1 GPO, 111 Cong. Rec. 17 (1965).
- ↑ GPO, 113 Cong. Rec. 12 (1967).
- ↑ GPO, 115 Cong. Rec. 13 (1969).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 117 Cong. Rec. 10 (1971).
- ↑ GPO, 119 Cong. Rec. 12 (1973).
- ↑ GPO, 121 Cong. Rec. 17 (1975).
- ↑ GPO, 123 Cong. Rec. 50 (1977).
- ↑ GPO, 125 Cong. Rec. 4 (1979).
- ↑ GPO, 127 Cong. Rec. 94 (1981).
- ↑ GPO, 129 Cong. Rec. 30 (1983).
- ↑ GPO, 131 Cong. Rec. 378 (1985).
- ↑ GPO, 133 Cong. Rec. 2 (1987).
- ↑ GPO, 135 Cong. Rec. 67 (1989).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 135 Cong. Rec. 10800 (1989).
- ↑ GPO, 137 Cong. Rec. 36 (1991).
- ↑ GPO, 139 Cong. Rec. 45 (1993).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 141 Cong. Rec. 439 (1995).
- ↑ 181.0 181.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 143 Cong. Rec. 115 (1997).
- ↑ GPO, 145 Cong. Rec. 42 (1999).
- ↑ GPO, 147 Cong. Rec. 20 (2001).
- ↑ GPO, 149 Cong. Rec. 3–4 (2003).
- ↑ GPO, 151 Cong. Rec. 37 (2005).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 153 Cong. Rec. 2 (2007).
- ↑ GPO, 155 Cong. Rec. 3 (2009).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 157 Cong. Rec. 75 (2011).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 159 Cong. Rec. 21 (2013).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GPO, 161 Cong. Rec. 29 (2015).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sources
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the U.S. federal government.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.