1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections
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22 of the 48 (20 vacant)/68 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections) 25 seats needed for a majority |
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1
The United States Senate elections of 1862 and 1863 were elections during the American Civil War in which Republicans increased their control of the U.S. Senate. The Republican Party gained three seats, bringing their majority to 66% of the body. Also caucusing with them were Unionists and Unconditional Unionists. As many Southern states seceded in 1860 and 1861, and members left the Senate to join the Confederacy, or were expelled for supporting the rebellion, seats were declared vacant. To establish a quorum with fewer members, a lower total seat number was taken into account.
As this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth Amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.
Contents
Results summary
Senate Party Division, 38th Congress (1863–1865)
- Majority Party: Republican (31), later rose to 33
- Minority Party: Democratic (10)
- Other Parties: Unionist (4), later dropped to 3; Unconditional Unionist (3), later rose to 4
- Vacant: 20, later rose to 22
- Total Seats: 48, later rose to 50
Change in Senate composition
Before the elections
| V4 | V3 | V2 | V1 | ||||||
| V5 | V6 | V7 No race |
V8 No race |
V9 No race |
V10 No race |
D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U3 | U2 | U1 | D11 Ran |
D10 Retired |
D9 Unknown |
D8 Ran |
D7 Ran |
D6 | D5 |
| U4 Running |
U5 Retired |
U6 Unknown |
R31 Ran |
R30 Ran |
R29 Unknown |
R28 Retired |
R27 Ran |
R26 Ran |
R25 Ran |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| R15 | R16 | R17 | R18 | R19 | R20 | R21 | R22 Ran |
R23 Ran |
R24 Ran |
| R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 | R8 | R7 | R6 | R5 |
| V16 | V15 | V14 | V13 | V12 | V11 | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 |
| V17 | V18 | V19 | V20 | ||||||
As a result of the elections
| V4 | V3 | V2 | V1 | ||||||
| V5 | V6 | V7 No race |
V8 No race |
V9 No race |
V10 No race |
D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U4 Hold |
U3 | U2 | U1 | D10 Gain |
D9 Hold |
D8 Hold |
D7 Re-elected |
D6 | D5 |
| U5 Hold |
UU1 Gain |
R32 Gain |
R31 Gain |
R30 Re-elected |
R29 Re-elected |
R28 Hold |
R27 Hold |
R26 Re-elected |
R25 Re-elected |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| R15 | R16 | R17 | R18 | R19 | R20 | R21 | R22 Re-elected |
R23 Re-elected |
R24 Re-elected |
| R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 | R8 | R7 | R6 | R5 |
| V16 | V15 | V14 | V13 | V12 | V11 | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 |
| V17 | V18 | V19 | V20 | ||||||
Beginning of the next Congress
| V4 | V3 | V2 | V1 | ||||||
| V5 | V6 | V7 | V8 | V9 | V10 | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
| U4 | U3 | U2 | U1 | D10 Gain |
D9 | D8 | D7 | D6 | D5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UU3 Gain |
UU2 Changed |
UU1 | R31 | R30 | R29 | R28 | R27 | R26 | R25 |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| R15 | R16 | R17 | R18 | R19 | R20 | R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 |
| R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 | R8 | R7 | R6 | R5 |
| V16 | V15 | V14 | V13 | V12 | V11 | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 |
| V17 | V18 | V19 | V20 | ||||||
| Key: |
|
Race summaries
Elections during the 37th Congress
In these elections, the winners were seated during 1862 or in 1863 before March 4; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Michigan (Class 2) |
Kinsley S. Bingham | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent died October 5, 1861. Winner elected January 17, 1862. Republican hold. |
√ Jacob M. Howard (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Oregon (Class 2) |
Benjamin Stark | Democratic | 1862 (Appointed) | Interim appointee retired September 12, 1862 when successor elected. Winner elected September 12, 1862. Democratic hold. |
√ Benjamin F. Harding (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Rhode Island (Class 1) |
James F. Simmons | Republican | 1841 1847 (Lost) 1856 |
Incumbent resigned August 15, 1862 before the Senate could vote to expel him. Winner elected December 1, 1862. Republican hold. Winner was not elected to the next term, see below. |
√ Samuel G. Arnold (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Illinois (Class 2) |
Orville H. Browning | Republican | 1861 (Appointed) | Interim appointee lost election to finish the term. Winner elected January 12, 1863. Democratic gain. |
√ William A. Richardson (Democratic) Orville H. Browning (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Indiana (Class 1) |
Joseph A. Wright | Unionist | 1862 (Appointed) | Interim appointee retired January 14, 1863 when successor elected. Winner elected January 14, 1863. Democratic gain. Winner was not elected to the next term, see below. |
√ David Turpie (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| New Jersey (Class 1) |
Richard S. Field | Republican | 1862 (Appointed) | Interim appointee retired January 14, 1863 when successor elected. Winner elected January 14, 1863. Democratic gain. Winner was not elected to the next term, see below. |
√ James W. Wall (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
Races leading to the 38th Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1863; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| California | Milton Latham | Democratic | 1860 (Special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected as a Democrat in 1862 or 1863. Winner changed party to Republican after the election. Republican gain. |
√ John Conness (Democratic) Milton Latham (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Connecticut | James Dixon | Republican | 1856 | Incumbent re-elected in 1863. | √ James Dixon (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Delaware | James A. Bayard, Jr. | Democratic | 1851 1857 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1863. | √ James A. Bayard, Jr. (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Florida | Vacant since January 21, 1861 when Stephen Mallory (D) withdrew. | Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1868. |
None. | ||
| Indiana | David Turpie | Democratic | 1863 (Special) | Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired. Winner elected in 1862. Democratic hold. |
√ Thomas A. Hendricks (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Maine | Lot M. Morrill | Republican | 1861 (Special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1863. | √ Lot M. Morrill (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Maryland | Anthony Kennedy | Unionist | 1856 or 1857 | Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired. Winner elected in 1862 or 1863. Unionist hold. |
√ Reverdy Johnson (Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Massachusetts | Charles Sumner | Republican | 1851 (Special) 1857 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1863. | √ Charles Sumner (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Michigan | Zachariah Chandler | Republican | 1857 | Incumbent re-elected in 1863. | √ Zachariah Chandler (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Minnesota | Henry Mower Rice | Democratic | 1858 | Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1863. Republican gain. |
√ Alexander Ramsey (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Mississippi | Vacant since January 21, 1861 when Jefferson Davis (D) resigned. | Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1870. |
None. | ||
| Missouri | John B. Henderson | Unionist | 1862 (Appointed) | Interim appointee elected as an Unconditional Unionist in 1862. Unconditional Unionist gain. |
√ John B. Henderson (Unconditional Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| New Jersey | James Walter Wall | Democratic | 1863 (Special) | Incumbent had been elected to finish the previous term, but lost election to the next term. Winner elected in 1862 or 1863. Democratic hold. |
√ William Wright (Democratic) James Walter Wall (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| New York | Preston King | Republican | 1857 | Incumbent lost renomination. Winner elected February 3, 1863. Republican hold |
√ Edwin D. Morgan (Republican) Erastus Corning (Democratic) John Adams Dix (Democratic) Fernando Wood (Democratic) Daniel S. Dickinson (Democratic) |
| Ohio | Benjamin Wade | Republican | 1851 1856 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1863. | √ Benjamin Wade (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Pennsylvania | David Wilmot | Republican | 1861 (Special) | Incumbent retired. Winner elected January 13, 1863. Democratic gain. |
√ Charles R. Buckalew (Democratic) 50.38% Simon Cameron (Republican) 48.87% William D. Kelley (Republican) 0.75% |
| Rhode Island | Samuel G. Arnold | Republican | 1862 (Special) | Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired. Winner elected in 1862. Republican hold. |
√ William Sprague IV (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Tennessee | Vacant since March 4, 1862 when Andrew Johnson (D) resigned to become Military Governor of Tennessee. | Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1866. |
None. | ||
| Texas | Vacant since March 23, 1861 when Louis Wigfall (D) withdrew. | Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1870. |
None. | ||
| Vermont | Solomon Foot | Republican | 1850 1856 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1862. | √ Solomon Foot (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Virginia | Waitman T. Willey | Unionist | 1861 (Special) | Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1863. Unionist hold. |
√ Lemuel J. Bowden (Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
| Wisconsin | James R. Doolittle | Republican | 1857 | Incumbent re-elected in 1863. | √ James R. Doolittle (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
Elections during the 38th Congress
In these elections, the winners were elected in 1863 after March 4; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| West Virginia (Class 1) |
New state | West Virginia admitted to the Union June 19, 1863. Winner elected August 4, 1863. Unconditional Unionist gain. |
√ Peter G. Van Winkle (Unconditional Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
||
| West Virginia (Class 2) |
New state | West Virginia admitted to the Union June 19, 1863. Winner elected August 4, 1863. Unconditional Unionist gain. |
√ Waitman T. Willey (Unconditional Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
||
| Missouri (Class 3) |
Robert Wilson | Unconditional Unionist | 1862 (Appointed) | Interim appointee retired when successor elected. Winner elected November 13, 1863. Unconditional Unionist hold. |
√ B. Gratz Brown (Unconditional Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!] |
Complete list of races
New York
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The New York election was held February 3, 1863 by the New York State Legislature.
Republican Preston King had been elected in February 1857 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1863.
At the State election in November 1861, 22 Republicans and 10 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1862–1863) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1862, Democrat Horatio Seymour was elected Governor; and a tied Assembly of 64 Republicans and Democrats each was elected for the session of 1863. In December, in the 15th Senate District, Republican William Clark was elected for the session of 1863 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Democrat John Willard. The 86th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 25, 1863, at Albany, New York.
The election of a Speaker proved to be difficult in the stalemated Assembly. The Democrats voted for Gilbert Dean, the Republicans for Henry Sherwood, of Steuben Co. The Republicans, led by Chauncey M. Depew, became worried about the U.S. Senate election, due to occur on the first Tuesday in February. If the Assembly was not organized by then, the seat would become vacant, and could remain so until the next elected Assembly met in 1864.[1] The Republicans, with a majority of 14 on joint ballot, were anxious to fill the seat, to have a maximum of support for President Abraham Lincoln in the U.S. Senate during the ongoing American Civil War. Theophilus C. Callicot, a Democratic assemblyman from Brooklyn, approached Depew to propose a deal: the Republicans should vote for Callicot as Speaker, and Callicot would help to elect the Republican candidate to the U.S. Senate. Depew put the proposition before the Republican caucus, and they accepted. On January 16, Sherwood and Dean withdrew. The Republicans then voted for Callicot, the Democrats for Eliphaz Trimmer, of Monroe Co.. The Democrats, whose intention it was to prevent the election of a U.S. Senator,[2] managed to postpone the vote for Speaker by filibustering for another ten days, but on January 26, Callicot was elected Speaker on the 92nd ballot (vote: Callicot 61, Trimmer 59, 3 Democrats were absent and 3 Republicans were paired). Thus the Assembly was organized to begin the session of 1863, three weeks late but in time for the U.S. Senate election.[3]
The caucus of Republican[4] State legislators met on February 2, State Senator Alexander H. Bailey presided. They nominated Ex-Governor Edwin D. Morgan (in office 1859-1862) for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent Senator Preston King was voted down.
| Office | Candidate | Informal ballot |
First ballot |
Second ballot |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. Senator | Edwin D. Morgan | 25 | 39 | 50 |
| Preston King | 19 | 16 | 11 | |
| Daniel S. Dickinson | 15 | 11 | 13 | |
| Charles B. Sedgwick | 11 | 7 | 1 | |
| David Dudley Field | 7 | 5 | 2 | |
| Henry J. Raymond | 6 | 8 | 9 | |
| Ward Hunt | 4 | |||
| Henry R. Selden | 1 | |||
| blank | 1 |
The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on the evening of February 2, State Senator John V. L. Pruyn presided. They did not nominate any candidate, instead adopting a resolution that "each Democratic member of the Legislature be requested to name for that office such person as he deems proper." They met again on the morning of February 3, and nominated Congressman Erastus Corning. The vote in an informal ballot stood: 28 for Corning, 21 for Fernando Wood, and 18 scattering. Wood's name was however withdrawn and Cornings nomination was made unanimous.
In the Assembly, Edwin D. Morgan received the votes of the 64 Republicans, and Erastus Corning the votes of 62 Democrats. Bernard Hughes (Dem.), of New York City, voted for Ex-Mayor of New York Fernando Wood, and Speaker Callicot voted for John Adams Dix. Thus the vote was tied, and no choice made. Speaker Callicot, although elected by the Republicans, refused to vote for the Republican caucus nominee, insisting in his vote for Dix who had been U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury as a Democrat, but was now a Union General in the Civil War. A second ballot was then taken, and the Republicans took Callicot's hint, and voted for Dix who was nominated by the Assembly. Thus Callicot kept his part of the bargain, knowing that, on joint ballot, the Republican State Senate majority will outvote the Democrats, and elect their candidate. It was just necessary that the Assembly nominate somebody, so that it became possible to proceed to a joint ballot.
In the State Senate, Edwin D. Morgan was nominated.
Both Houses of the Legislature then proceeded to a joint ballot.
Edwin D. Morgan was declared elected after a joint ballot of the State Legislature.
| House | Republican | Democrat | Also ran | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Senate (32 members) |
Edwin D. Morgan | 23 | Erastus Corning | 7 | ||||
| State Assembly (128 members) first ballot |
Edwin D. Morgan | 64 | Erastus Corning | 62 | John Adams Dix | 1 | Fernando Wood | 1 |
| State Assembly (128 members) second ballot |
Erastus Corning | 63 | John Adams Dix | 65 | ||||
| State Legislature (160 members) joint ballot |
Edwin D. Morgan | 86 | Erastus Corning | 70 | John Adams Dix | 1 | Daniel S. Dickinson | 1 |
Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania election was held January 13, 1863. Charles Buckalew was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.[5]
The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 13, 1863 to elect a Senator as follows:
| State Legislature Results[5][6] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
| Democratic | Charles R. Buckalew | 67 | 50.38 | |
| Republican | Simon Cameron | 65 | 48.87 | |
| Republican | William D. Kelley | 1 | 0.75 | |
| Totals | 133 | 100.00% | ||
See also
References
- ↑ In 1819, 1825 and 1839, no U.S. Senator could be elected because nobody was nominated by either the Assembly or the State Senate due to stalemated votes.
- ↑ IMPORTANT FROM ALBANY.; A New Phase In the Struggle for the Speakership. Withdrawal of Mr. Sherwood from the Contest. Mr. Callicott, of Kings, Democrat, Nominated by the Republicans. Filibustering by the Democrats to Prevent a Vote in NYT on January 17, 1863
- ↑ IMPORTANT FROM ALBANY; MR. CALLICOTT ELECTED SPEAKER in NYT on January 27, 1863
- ↑ The newspapers used at the time the terms "Republican", "Republican Union" and "Union" synonymously. Many, but not all, of these legislators had been elected on a Union ticket nominated by Republicans and War Democrats. The word Union also referred to those who supported the incumbent federal administration during the Civil War as opposed to both the Southern "Confederates", and the Anti-War Democrats, headed by Governor Horatio Seymour.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
- The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough, Stephen C. Hutchins and Edgar Albert Werner, 1867 (see pg. 568 for U. S. Senators; pg. 443 for State Senators 1863; pg. 496ff for Members of Assembly 1863)
- Members of the 38th United States Congress
- Result state election 1861 in The Tribune Almanac for 1862 compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune
- Result state election 1862 in The Tribune Almanac for 1863 compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune
- IMPORTANT FROM ALBANY.; Nomination of Ex-Governor Morgan for United States Senator by the Union Caucus. The Democrats Decline to Make a Nomination in NYT on February 3, 1863
- PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEGISLATURE; SENATE; ...The Adjourned Democratic Caucus in NYT on February 4, 1863
- IMPORTANT FROM ALBANY.; EX-Governor Morgan Elected U.S. Senator in NYT on February 4, 1863
- Result in the Senate: Journal of the Senate (86th Session) (1863; pg. 95f)
- Result in the Assembly: Journal of the Assembly (86th Session) (1863; pg. 151f and 154)
- Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project
