Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions

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The Eshmunazar II sarcophagus was the first of this type of inscription found anywhere in the Levant (modern Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Lebanon and Syria).[1][2]

The Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions, also known as Northwest Semitic inscriptions,[3] are the primary extra-Biblical source for understanding of the society and history of the ancient Phoenicians, Hebrews and Arameans. Semitic inscriptions may occur on stone slabs, pottery ostraca, ornaments, and range from simple names to full texts.[4][5][6][7] The older inscriptions form a Canaanite–Aramaic dialect continuum, exemplified by writings which scholars have struggled to fit into either category, such as the Stele of Zakkur and the Deir Alla Inscription.[8][9][10][11]

The Northwest Semitic languages are a language group that contains the Aramaic language, as well as the Canaanite languages including Phoenician and Hebrew.

Languages

200px
Phoenician alphabet
130px
Aramaic alphabet
This article lists the notable inscriptions written in Canaanite (previously known as "Phoenician" and today split into Phoenician-proper, paleo-Hebrew, Punic etc), as well as Old Aramaic. These inscriptions share an alphabet, as shown in these 1903 comparison tables.

The old Aramaic period (850 to 612 BC) saw the production and dispersal of inscriptions due to the rise of the Arameans as a major force in Ancient Near East. Their language was adopted as an international language of diplomacy, particularly during the late stages of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as well as the spread of Aramaic speakers from Egypt to Mesopotamia.[12] The first known Aramaic inscription was the Carpentras Stela, found in southern France in 1704; it was considered to be Phoenician text at the time.[13][14]

Only 10,000 inscriptions in Phoenician-Punic, a Canaanite language, are known,[7][15] such that "Phoenician probably remains the worst transmitted and least known of all Semitic languages."[16] The only other substantial source for Phoenician-Punic are the excerpts in Poenulus, a play written by the Roman writer Plautus (see Punic language § Example: Poenulus for an analysis).[7] Within the corpus of inscriptions only 668 words have been attested, including 321 hapax legomena (words only attested a single time), per Wolfgang Röllig's analysis in 1983.[17] This compares to the Bible's 7000–8000 words and 1500 hapax legomena, in Biblical Hebrew.[17][18] The first published Phoenician-Punic inscription was from the Cippi of Melqart, found in 1694 in Malta;[19] the first published such inscription from the Phoenician "homeland" was the Eshmunazar II sarcophagus published in 1855.[1][2]

Fewer than 2,000 inscriptions in Ancient Hebrew, another Canaanite language, are known, of which the vast majority comprise just a single letter or word.[20][21] The first detailed Ancient Hebrew inscription published was the Royal Steward inscription, found in 1870.[22][23]

List of notable inscriptions

The inscriptions written in ancient Northwest Semitic script (Canaanite and Aramaic) have been catalogued into multiple corpora (i.e. lists) over the last two centuries. The primary corpora to have been produced are as follows:

The inscriptions listed below include those which are mentioned in multiple editions of the corpora above (the numbers in the concordance column cross-refer to the works above), as well as newer inscriptions which have been published since the corpora above were published (references provided individually).

Name Image Discovered Date Location Found Current Location Concordance
KAI CIS / RÉS NE KI NSI TSSI Ref.
Ahiram Sarcophagus 100px 1923 c.1000 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 1 III 4
Byblos Necropolis graffito 100px 1923 c.1000 BCE Byblos in situ 2 III 5
Byblos bronze spatulas 100px 1926-32 1000-900 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 3 III 1
Byblos clay cone inscriptions 100px 1950 1100-1000 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut III 2,3
Yehimilk inscription 100px 1930 c.960/950 BCE Byblos Byblos Castle 4 III 6
Abiba’l inscription 100px 1895 c.940/930 BCE Byblos Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 5 R 505 III 7
Osorkon Bust 100px 1881 c.920 BC Byblos Louvre 6 III 8
Safatba'al inscription 100px 1936 c.900 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 7 III 9
Abda sherd 100px 1926–32 c.900 BCE Byblos 8 III 10
Son of Safatba'al inscription 100px 1926-32 c.500/475 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 9
Yehawmilk Stele 100px 1869 c.450/425 BCE Byblos Louvre 10 I 1 416 5 3 III 25
Batnoam sarcophagus 100px 1926-32 c.450-425 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 11 III 26
Byblos altar inscription 100px 1923 200-100 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 12
Byblos marble inscription 100px 1957 500 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 280
Tabnit sarcophagus An inscription 1887 500 BC Sidon Museum of the Ancient Orient 13 R 1202 417,1 6 4 III 27
Eshmunazar II sarcophagus 100px 1855 c. 525 BC Sidon Louvre 14 I 3, R 1506 417,2 7 5 III 28
Bodashtart inscriptions 100px 1858, 1900-2 300s BC Sidon Louvre and Museum of the Ancient Orient 15–16 I 4, R 766, 767 8–10 6, Appendix I
Abdmiskar cippus 100px 1890 300 BCE Sidon Louvre 282 R 930 418,3 11 7
Eshmun inscription 100px 1901 Sidon Museum of the Ancient Orient R 297
KAI 283 Sidon 283 [29]
Tyre Cistern inscription 100px 1885 Tyre Louvre 418,c 8
Throne of Astarte 100px 1907 Tyre Louvre and National Museum of Beirut 17 R 800 III 30
Abdbaal the centurion inscription 133x133px near Tyre Louvre [30]
KAI 284 Tyre 284 [31]
Baalshamin inscription 100px 1861 132 BC Umm al-Amad Louvre 18 I 7 418,d 12 9 [32]
Phoenician sun dial 100x100px 1860-1945 Umm al-Amad National Museum of Beirut
Umm al-Amad votive inscription 100px 1861 Umm al-Amad, Lebanon Louvre I 8 419,2 13
Phoenician Adoration steles 100px 1900 Umm al-Amad, Lebanon Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Louvre R 250, R 307 14-15
Phoenician Sphinx inscription 100px 1962 Umm al-Amad National Museum of Beirut III 32
El-Osiris inscription Umm al-Amad Louvre R 504
Masub inscription 100px 1885 222 BC Masub Louvre 19 R 1205 419e 16 10 III 31
Arwad bilingual 100x100px 1916 Arwad Louvre
Tortosa bomos inscription 133x133px Tortosa, Syria Louvre R 56
Phoenician arrowheads 100px 1926 onwards 11th century BCE various various 20–22 III p. 6
Hasanbeyli inscription 100px 1894 Hasanbeyli Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 23
Kilamuwa Stela An inscription 1893 c. 850/825 BCE Sam'al Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 24 III 13
Kilamuwa scepter 100px 1943 Sam'al 25 III 14
Karatepe bilingual 100px 1946 c. 750 BCE Karatepe Karatepe-Aslantaş Open-Air Museum 26 III 15
İvriz inscription 1986 75 meter upstream from the İvriz relief[33] unpublished [34]
Arslan Tash amulets 100px 1933 Arslan Tash National Museum of Aleppo 27 III 23-24
Carchemish Phoenician inscription 100px 1950 Carchemish British Museum 28
Ur Box inscription 100px 1927 Ur British Museum 29 III 20
Honeyman inscription 100px 1939 900 BCE Cyprus Cyprus Museum 30 III 12
Baal Lebanon inscription 100px 1877 700s BC Cyprus Cabinet des Médailles 31 I 5 419 17 11 III 17
Phoenician metal bowls 100px 1849 onwards 700s BC Nimrud, Cyprus, Italy and others various I 164, II 46-49 III 19
Kition Resheph pillars 100px 1860 341 BC Cyprus Louvre 32 I 10, 88 420,1 18, 30 12, 23
Pococke Kition inscriptions 100px 1738 300s BC Cyprus Ashmolean Museum 33, 35 I 11, 46, 57-85 420,4 19, 23, 27, 28 13, 16, 18, 19 III 35
Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions 100px 1894 300s BC Cyprus British Museum, Cyprus Museum, Ashmolean Museum 34 R 1206 420,3 22 21-22
Pierides Kition inscriptions 100px 1881 Cyprus Louvre 12, 13, 14, 50-53 20, 25-26 14
Kellia inscription 100px 1844 Cyprus 36 I 47 420,5 24 17
Kition Tariffs 100px 1879 300s BC Cyprus British Museum 37 I 86A-B, 87 29 20 III 33
Idalion bilingual and Idalion Temple inscriptions 100px 1869 254-391 BC Cyprus British Museum 38-40 I 89-94 421,1-3 31-33 24-27 III 34
Tamassos bilinguals 100px 1885 363 BC Cyprus British Museum 41 R 1212-1213 421c 34 30
Anat Athena bilingual 100px 1850 312 BCE Cyprus in situ 42 I 95, R 1515 422,1 35 28
Larnakas tis Lapithou pedestal inscription 100px 1893 275 BCE Cyprus Louvre 43 R 1211 422,2 36 29 III 36
Rhodes Phoenician-Greek bilingual inscriptions 100px 1914-68 300-200 BCE Rhodes Archaeological Museum of Rhodes 44-45 III 39
Nora Stone 100px 1773 Sardinia Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari 46 I 144 427c 60 41 III 11 [35]
Cippi of Melqart An inscription 1694 100s BC Malta Louvre and National Museum of Archaeology, Malta 47 I 122 425f 53 36 [35]
Banobal stele 100px 1900 Memphis Egyptian Museum 48 R 1, 235 37
Abydos graffiti 100px 1868 Abydos in situ 49 I 99–110, R 1302ff. 423a 38-42 31
Abu Simbel Phoenician graffiti 100px 1842 Abu Simbel in situ I 111-113 423b 43
Phoenician papyrus letters 100px 1937–40 Cairo and Saqqara Egyptian Museum 50–51
Phoenician Harpocrates statues 100px 1770, 1963 unknown National Archaeological Museum (Madrid) and British Museum 52 R 1507 424 44 III 37, 38
Athenian Greek-Phoenician inscriptions 100px 1795 etc. Athens, Piraeus British Museum, Louvre, National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Archaeological Museum of Piraeus 53–60 I 115–120, R 388, 1215 424,1–3, 425,1–5 45–52 32–35 III 40–41
Mdina steles 100px 1816 Malta National Museum of Archaeology, Malta 61 I 123A-B 426,2 54 37 III 21,22 [35]
Benhisa inscription 100px 1761 Malta Cabinet des Médailles I 124 426,3 55 [35]
Gozo stele 100px 1855 Malta Gozo Museum of Archaeology 62 I 132 426,4 56 38 [35]
Lilybaeum stele 100px 1882 Sicily Regional Archeological Museum Antonio Salinas 63 I 138 57 [35]
Bashamem inscription 100px 1877 200 BC Sardinia Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari 64 I 139 427a 58 39 [35]
Giardino Birocchi inscription 100px 1912 Sardinia Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari 65 [35]
Pauli Gerrei trilingual inscription 100px 1861 Sardinia Turin Archaeology Museum 66 I 143 427b 59 40 [35]
Tharros Punic inscriptions 100px 1870 Sardinia Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari, Museo nazionale archeologico ed etnografico G. A. Sanna 67 I 158 62 [35]
Olbia pedestal 100px 1911 Sardinia 68 R 1216 [35]
Marseille Tariff 100px 1845 300s BC Marseille Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne 69 I 165 428 63 42 [35]
Avignon Punic inscription 100px 1897 Avignon Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne 70 R 360 64 III 18 [35]
Douïmès medallion 100px 1894 700 BCE Carthage Carthage National Museum 73 I 6057, R 5 429,1 70
Carthage Tariff 100px 1858 300 BC Carthage British Museum 74 I 167 429b 66 43
1920 Carthage 75 I 3916
Carthage Festival Offering inscription 100px 1872 300 BC Carthage Turin Archaeology Museum 76 I 166 430,3 67 44 [36]
1906 Carthage 77 I 3921
Mitsri genealogy inscription 100px 300s BCE Carthage 78 I 3778
KNMY's child sacrifice(?) inscription 100px 1922 Carthage 79 I 3785
100px 1871 Carthage British Museum 80 I 175 430,4 68 46
100px 1898 200 BC Carthage Carthage National Museum 81 I 3914 69 45
Persephone Punic stele 100px 1881 Carthage Turin Archaeology Museum 82 I 176 71 [36]
100px 1873 Carthage 83 I 177 430,6 72 47
100px 1860 Carthage British Museum 84 I 178 430,7 73
Carthaginian tombstones 100px Carthage Carthage National Museum, others 85 various 74
Pricot de Sainte-Marie steles 100px 1874-75 Carthage Bibliothèque nationale de France, Louvre 86-88 I 264, 221, 1885 76, 80, 83
Punic Tabella Defixionis 100px 1899 200 BC Carthage Carthage National Museum 89 I 6068, R 18, 1590 85 50
100px 1904 Carthage Carthage National Museum 90 I 5953, R 537 87
1899 Carthage Carthage National Museum 91 I 5991, R 1227 88
Sibbolet funeral inscription 100px 1902 Carthage Carthage National Museum 92 I 5948, R 768 89
100px 1905 Carthage Carthage National Museum 93 I 5950, R 553 90
100px Carthage 94 I 2992
1906 Carthage 95 R 786, 1854
1901 Carthage 96 I 5988, R 183, 1600
Hadrumetum Punic inscriptions 100px 1867, 1946 Sousse Sousse Archaeological Museum, the Louvre and the Maison méditerranéenne des Sciences de l'homme 97–99 432,1–3 91–92
Punic-Libyan bilinguals 100px 1631 Dougga British Museum 100-101 433,c 93 52
Cirta steles 100px 1857-61, 1875, 1950 300-100BCE Constantine Musée national Cirta 102–116, 162-164 R 327, 334, 339, 1544 433,1-9 and 434,10-12 94–99 51
100px 1894 Remada 117 435b 101
1901 Breviglieri 118 R 662
Bourgade inscriptions 100px 1852 Carthage and wider Tunisia 133–135 436,3–12
Thinissut sanctuary inscription 100px 1908 Bir Bouregba Nabeul Museum 137 R 942, 1858
1900 Bou Arada 140 R 679
100px 1873 Henchir Brigitta Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 142 435,2 53
Maktar and Mididi inscriptions 100px 1890s Maktar and Mididi 145–158 R 161–181, 2221 436,11 59a-c
100px 1873 Altiburus Louvre 159 437a 55
Cherchell Neopunic inscriptions 100px 1875, 1882 Cherchell Louvre 161 439,2 56-57
Ain Nechma inscriptions 100px 1843 Guelma Louvre 166–169 437 58
Sant'Antioco bilingual 100px 1881 Sardinia Museo archeologico comunale Ferruccio Barreca 172 I 149 434,1 100 [35]
Mesha Stele An inscription 1868 Dhiban Louvre 181 415 1 1 I 16
Gezer calendar An inscription 1908 Gezer Museum of the Ancient Orient 182 R 1201 I 1
Samaria Ostraca 100px 1910 Sebastia Museum of the Ancient Orient 183–188 I 2–3
Nimrud ivory inscriptions 100px 1845, 1961 Nimrud British Museum I 6
Siloam inscription An inscription 1880 Jerusalem Museum of the Ancient Orient 189 3 2 I 7
Ophel ostracon 100px 1924 Jerusalem Rockefeller Museum 190 I 9
Royal Steward inscription An inscription 1870 Jerusalem British Museum 191 I 8
Lachish letters 100px 1935 Tel Lachish British Museum and Israel Museum 192–199 I 12
Yavne-Yam ostracon An inscription 1960 Mesad Hashavyahu Israel Museum 200 I 10
Tel Qasile ostraca 100px 1945-46 Tel Qasile Israel Museum I 4
Hazor inscriptions 1956 800s BC Tel Hazor I 5
Wadi Murabba'at papyrus 1952 600s BC Wadi Murabba'at I 11
Arad ostraca 100px 1960s c.600 BC Tel Arad Bible Lands Museum I 13, II 31
Al Jib jar handles 100px 1956-59 700s BC Al Jib Jordan Archaeological Museum and the Penn Museum I 14
Khirbet Beit Lei graffiti 100px 1961 400s BC Khirbet Beit Lei Israel Museum I 15
Melqart stele 100px 1939 Bureij National Museum of Aleppo 201 II 1
Stele of Zakkur An inscription 1903 Tell Afis Louvre 202 II 5
Hama graffiti 1931–38 Hama 203–213 II 6 I-V
Hadad Statue 100px 1890 700s BC Sam'al Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 214 440-2 61 II 13
Panamuwa II inscription 100px 1888 730s BC Sam'al Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 215 442 62 II 14
Bar-Rakib inscriptions 100px 1891 730s BC Sam'al Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin and Museum of the Ancient Orient 216–221 443, 444 63 II 15–17
Sefire steles 100px 1930–56 As-Safira National Museum of Damascus and National Museum of Beirut 222–224, 227 II 8–9, 22
Neirab steles An inscription 1891 600s BC Al-Nayrab Louvre 225–226 445 64–65 II 18–19
Tayma stones An inscription 1878–84 300s–400s BC Tayma Louvre 228–230 II 113–115 447,1–3 69–70 II 30
Tell Halaf inscription 100px 1933 Tell Halaf destroyed 231 II 10
Arslan Tash ivory inscription 100px 1931 Arslan Tash Louvre 232 II 2
Assur ostracon and tablets 100px 1903-13 Assur Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 233-6 II 20
Kesecek Köyü inscription 100px 1915 Kesecek Köyü Peabody Museum of Natural History 258 II 33
Gözne Boundary Stone 100px 1907 Gözne 259 II 34
Sardis bilingual inscription 100px 1912 394 BC Sardis İzmir Archaeological Museum 260
Sarıaydın inscription 100px 1892 400 BC Sarıaydın in situ 261 446a 68 II 35
Limyra bilingual 100px 1840 Limyra 262 II 109 446b
Assyrian lion weights An inscription 1845-1860 800-500 BC Nimrud, Abydos (Hellespont) British Museum, Louvre 263 II 1–14, 108 446c 66-67
Farasa bilingual inscription 100px 1900 In situ 265
Adon Papyrus 100px 1942 Saqqara Egyptian Museum 266 II 21
Saqqara Aramaic Stele 100px 1877 482 BC Saqqara destroyed 267 II 122 448a1 71 II 23
Serapeum Offering Table 100px 1855 400 BC Saqqara Louvre 268 II 123 448a2 72
Carpentras Stela 100px 1704 Carpentras Bibliothèque Inguimbertine 269 II 141 448b1 75 II 24
Elephantine papyri and ostraca 100px 1815-1945 300s BC Elephantine various 270–271 II 137–139, 154-155 73–74 II 26, 28
Hermopolis Aramaic papyri 100px 1936 400s BC Hermopolis Cairo University Archaeological Museum II 27
Abydos Aramaic papyrus 100px 1964 400s BC unknown National Archaeological Museum of Madrid II 29
Blacas papyri 100px 1825 Saqqara British Library II 145 76
Turin Aramaic Papyrus 100px 1823-24 Museo Egizio II 144
Ankh-Hapy stele 100px 1860 525–404 BCE unknown Vatican Museums 272 II 142 448b2 II 7
Aramaic Inscription of Taxila 100px 1915 Taxila Taxila Museum 273
Stele of Serapeitis An inscription 1940 Armazi Georgian National Museum 276
Pyrgi Tablets 100px 1964 Pyrgi National Etruscan Museum 277 III 42
Bahadırlı 278 II 36
Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription An inscription 1958 Chil Zena National Museum of Afghanistan 279
Baalshillem Temple Boy An inscription 1963–64 Sidon National Museum of Beirut 281 III 29
Sarepta Tanit Inscription 100px Sarafand 285
Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription An inscription 1996 Tel Miqne Israel Museum 286
Çebel Ires Daǧı inscription 100px 1980 Çebel Ires Daǧı Alanya Archaeological Museum 287
Kition KAI 288-290 Kition 288-290
Tekke Bowl Inscription (Knossos) 1,000s BCE Crete Heraklion Archaeological Museum (Χ4346) 291 [37][38]
Hellenistic Greek-Phoenician bilingual Kos 292
Demetrias inscription Demetrias 293
Seville statue of Astarte 100px 1960-62 700 BCE Seville Archeological Museum of Seville 294 III 16
Grotta Regina Punic inscriptions Sicily 295 [39][35]
Mozia Punic inscriptions Sicily 296-298 [40][35]
Temple of Antas Punic inscriptions Sardinia 299-301 [35]
Agrigentum inscription 100px 1934 406 BCE Carthage 302 I 5510 [41]
Carthage Administration Inscription 100px 1964 Carthage Carthage National Museum 303
El-Kerak Inscription 100px 1958 Al-Karak Jordan Archaeological Museum 306 I 17
Amman Citadel Inscription 100px 1961 Amman Jordan Archaeological Museum 307
Tel Siran inscription 100px 1972 Amman Jordan Archaeological Museum 308
Hadad-yith'i bilingual inscription 100px 1979 Tell Fekheriye National Museum of Damascus 309
Tel Dan Stele An inscription 1993 Tel Dan Israel Museum 310
Deir Alla Inscription 100px 1967 Deir Alla Jordan Archaeological Museum 312
Tell Sheikh Hamad inscriptions 313-314 [42]
Tell Shiukh Fawqani inscription 1996 315 [43]
KAI 316 316 [44][45][46][47]
Aramaic Fugitive Decree 1971 Unknown 317 [48][49]
Daskyleion steles 100px 1965 Dascylium Museum of the Ancient Orient 318 II 37
Letoon trilingual 100px 1973 Xanthos Fethiye Museum 319
Bukan inscription 1985 Bukan 320 [50]
Çineköy inscription 100px 1997 Çine, Yüreğir Adana Archaeology Museum [51][52]
Kuttamuwa stele 100px 2008 Sam'al Gaziantep Archaeology Museum [53]
Nebi Yunis ostraca 100px 1960s Nebi Yunis (Ashdod) II 32
Tel el Maskhuta silver bowls 1950s Tel el Maskhuta II 25
Luristan Aramaic inscriptions 1964 Luristan II 11-12
Tel Dan bowl 1960s Tel Dan II 4
Ein Gev jar 1961 Ein Gev II 3
Ataruz altar inscriptions 2010 c. 800 BCE Khirbat Ataruz [54]
Ishbaal Inscription An inscription 2012 1020–980 BCE Khirbet Qeiyafa [55]
Khirbet Qeiyafa ostracon 100x100px 2009 c. 1000 BCE Khirbet Qeiyafa Israel Museum [56]
Hashub Inscription 100x100px 1957 400s BCE Tel Zeton Old Jaffa Museum of Antiquities [57]
Cadiz Phoenician inscription 1961 Instituto Valencia of Don Juan 71 [58]
Ibiza Phoenician inscriptions 1923 Archaeological Museum of Alicante 72 [58]
Tripolitania Punic inscriptions An inscription 1806 Leptis Magna 119-132
Bithia inscription 1933 Sardinia 173
Sirte inscription 1928 Sirte 180
Hatran Aramaic inscriptions 100px 1951 Hatra 237-257 [59]
Arebsun inscription 1895 Afşin Museum of the Ancient Orient 264 [60]
Lake Sivan inscriptions 1906 Armenia 274-275
KAI 136 (Neopunic) 1955 Tunisia 136
Bur Tlelsa Neopunic inscription 1914 Tunisia 138
Bordj Helal Neopunic inscription 100px 1874 Tunisia Louvre 139
Jebel Massoudj Neopunic inscription 1940 Tunisia 141 [61][62]
Henschir Guergour Neopunic inscriptions 1882 Tunisia 143-144
Guelaât Bou Sbaâ Neopunic inscriptions 1884 Algeria 165
Djinet Neopunic inscriptions 1952 Algeria 170
Zattara Neopunic inscriptions 1916 Algeria 171
Hazael horse frontlet 100x100px 1984 800 BCE Samos Archaeological Museum of Vathi 311
Bactria Aramaic documents 100x100px 1993–2002 353–324 BCE Bactria Khalili Collections

Bibliography

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[self-published source?]
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Quote: "Nearly two hundred years later the repertory of Phoenician-Punic epigraphy counts about 10.000 inscriptions from throughout the Mediterranean and its environs."
  16. ↑ Rollig, 1983
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Rollig, 1983, "The Phoenician-Punic vocabulary attested to date amounts to some 668 words, some of which occur frequently. Among these are 321 hapax legomena and about 15 foreign or loan words. In comparison with Hebrew with around 7000–8000 words and 1500 hapax legomena (8), the number is remarkable."
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Clermont-Ganneau, 1899, Archaeological Researches In Palestine 1873–1874, Vol 1, p.305: "I may observe, by the way, that the discovery of these two texts was made long before that of the inscription in the tunnel, and therefore, though people in general do not seem to recognise this fact, it was the first which enabled us to behold an authentic specimen of Hebrew monumental epigraphy of the period of the Kings of Judah."
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Rollig, 1983, "This increase of textual material can be easily appreciated when one looks at the first independent grammar of Phoenician , P.SCHRODER'S Die phonizische Sprache Entuurf einer Grammatik, Halle 1869, which appeared just over 110 years ago. There on pp. 47–72 all the texts known at the time are listed — 332 of them. Today, if we look at CIS Pars I, the incompleteness of which we scarcely need mention, we find 6068 texts."
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ KAI 283, 15 legible lines, left side damaged
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ KAI 284, 21 inscriptions, few words
  32. ↑ AO 4831
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ 35.00 35.01 35.02 35.03 35.04 35.05 35.06 35.07 35.08 35.09 35.10 35.11 35.12 35.13 35.14 35.15 35.16 ICO: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Bourogiannis, Giorgos. The Phoenician presence in the Aegean during the Early Iron Age: Trade, settlement and cultural interaction, Rivista di Studi Fenici 46, 2018, p. 63.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ TelShHa 3 and TelShHa 5
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Bordreuil, Pierre, "Une tablette araméenne inédite de 635 av. J.-C.." Sem 23 (1973): 95–102 + pls. I-V.
  45. ↑ Fales, Frederick Mario, "Sulla tavoletta aramaica A.O. 25.341." AION 36 (1976): 541–47.
  46. ↑ Kaufman, Stephen A., "An Assyro-Aramaic egirtu ša Šulmu." Pp. 119–27 In Essays on the Ancient Near East in Memory of Jacob Joel Finkelstein. Ellis, M. de Jong, ed. Hamden, Ct.: Archon, 1977.
  47. ↑ Wesselius, J.W., "A Document Concerning the Sustenance of a Mother by Her Sons." AION 45 (1985): 506–8.
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ J.W. Wesselius, ‘The Aramaic Decree about Fugitives Reconsidered’, in E. Talstra (ed.),Narrative and Comment:Contributions to Discourse Grammar and Biblical Hebrew presented to Wolfgang Schneider(Amsterdam: Societas Hebraica Amstelodamensis,1995), pp.199–209(p.201)
  50. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Sefarad journal[full citation needed]
  59. ↑ Series of articles in the journal Sumer
  60. ↑ Smirnov, 1895
  61. ↑ Note sur l'inscription punique d'une borne limite découverte en Tunisie
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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