Encirclement Campaign against Hunan–Jiangxi Soviet

The Encirclement Campaign against the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet was a series of battles in the border region of Hunan and Jiangxi provinces initiated by the Chinese Kuomintang (Nationalist) Party / Government. The Encirclement Campaign was met by the Communists' Counter-Encirclement Campaign at Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet (Chinese: 湘赣苏区反围剿), also called Counter-Encirclement Campaign at Hunan-Jiangxi Revolutionary Base (湘赣革命根据地反围剿). The Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet successfully defended itself against the Nationalist attacks from January 29 to March 24, 1931.

First stage

In December 1930 the communist 16th Army stationed at the Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi Soviet launched a preemptive strike against the Nationalist forces and annihilated an entire Nationalist regiment in Tongcheng (通城), Hubei - just before the Nationalists could begin the first attack of their Encirclement Campaign against Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi Soviet. The Nationalists had to withdraw temporarily to regroup. Reinforcement troops from other regions came to the Soviet area to avenge the defeat at Tongcheng, leaving these other regions vulnerable to Communist attacks. The Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet decided to aid the Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi Soviet by striking the government in two fronts, in the west and in the southeast of Hunan.

From January 29 through February 9, 1931, the Eastern Hunan Chinese Red Army Independent Division succeeded in taking regions including Ling (酃) County, the town of Zixing and the town of Yongxing (永兴), and three Nationalist local security regiments guarding these towns and completely destroyed along with a regiment of the Nationalist 57th Brigade sent to reinforce these regions.

In early February, 1931, the Red 7th Army was forced to abandon its bases in Guangxi and traveled northward. The Independent Division of the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet was tasked to link up with the 7th Army. So united, the force returned to Lotus Flower (Lianhua, 莲花) county. Capitalizing on their victory, the communists expanded their force and the Independent Division was renamed as the Southeastern Hunan Independent Division. With a new 2nd Regiment established, the division comprised three regiments, totaling more than 1500 troops.

Both Communist offensives in Hunan were successful. In addition to obtaining more land, weaponry, money and supplies, the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet force also linked up with the Red 7th Army at the province's border with Guangdong. The Nationalists were forced to redeploy their troops to face these new, more urgent threats; as a result the planned offensives against the Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi Soviet went awry.

Order of battle

Kuomintang order of battle: (35,000 total):

First stage:

• Ling (酃) County Security Regiment
• Zixing Security Regiment
• Yongxing (永兴) Security Regiment
• A regiment of the nationalist 57th Brigade

Second stage:

• 5th Route Army commanded by Wang Jingyu (王金钰)
  • 28th Division commanded by Gong Bingpan (公秉藩)
  • 43rd Division commanded by Guo Huazong (郭华宗)
  • 47th Division commanded by Shangguan Yunxiang (上官云相)
  • 54th Division commanded by Hao Mengling
  • 77th Division commanded by Luo Lin (罗霖)

Communist order of battle (1,500 total):

First stage:

• Eastern Hunan Chinese Red Army Independent Division
  • 1st Regiment
  • 2nd Regiment

Second stage:

• Southeastern Hunan Independent Division
  • 1st Regiment
  • 2nd Regiment
  • 3rd Regiment

Second stage

In March, 1931, nationalists were mobilized for the planned Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet. The nationalist 5th Route Army deployed was en route to Jiangxi Soviet, and was tasked to first destroy the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet on its way when the situation permitted. The nationalist 5th Route Army begun their push toward Ji'an, Jishui (吉水), and Eternal Abundance (永丰) from Pingxiang, Jiangxi and Yichun, Jiangxi. The communist high command of the 1st Front Army of the Chinese Red Army of the Jiangxi Soviet ordered the local communist force of the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet to launch a preemptive strike against the nationalist 5th Route Army in order to delay its deployment against the Jiangxi Soviet.

The communist Southeastern Huan Independent Division guarding the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet deployed its 1st Regiment and the 2nd Regiment to strike Pingxiang, Jiangxi and Yichun, Jiangxi, and its 3rd Regiment was ordered to southeastern Hunan to join up with the Chinese Red Army 7th Army from Guangxi, which by then had reached the border region of Guangdong and Hunan provinces. The communist preemptive surprise attack had successfully disrupted and halted the nationalist encirclement campaign against the Hunan-Jiangxi, and also slowed the nationalist 5th Route Army in its deployment against the Jiangxi Soviet.

On March 14, 1931, the 3rd Regiment of the communist Southeastern Huan Independent Division successfully linked up with the vanguard of the Chinese Red Army 7th Army in the region of Shiduwei (十都圩) in Bi (鄙) County and begun their return journey. On March 24, 1931, the communists ambushed and destroyed an entire regiment of the nationalist 19th Division, and this last battle of the encirclement campaign forced the nationalists to stop their offensives completely to withdraw and regroup. Meantime, the communists did the same by returning to Lotus Flower (Lianhua, 莲花) county. The communist Southeastern Hunan Independent Division and the 58th Regiment of the Chinese Red Army 7th Army subsequently moved eastward to the region to the east of Eternal Sun (Yongyang, 永阳), and joined the 175th Regiment of the Chinese Red Army 20th Army in the local region.

Reprieve

Although the Nationalist 5th Route Army was ready later for another round of offensives after resting and regrouping, the nationalist high command had a different idea. The nationalist high command reasoned that its 5th Route Army was better deployed for another siege of the central communist base area instead of further encirclement of the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet. This was because if the central leadership in the Jiangxi-Fujian Soviet was destroyed, the smaller Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet was estimated as not being able to last for long; thus, it was not worth wasting the valuable troops to be tied down on smaller local communist bases. Accordingly, the Nationalist 5th Route Army was ordered away to complete its deployment for its original purpose against their main target, and the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet was left alone for the time being.

Evacuation

The Southeastern Hunan Independent Division, by 1934 renamed the Sixth Army Group, were ordered to evacuate the Soviet in August of that year and to march to the Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan-Guizhou Soviet recently established by He Long's Second Army Group. They reached the refuge in October and united there to form the Second Red Front Army. Thus the Encirclement Campaign against Hunan–Jiangxi Soviet is linked to the Encirclement Campaign against Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan-Guizhou Soviet.

See also

• List of battles of the Chinese Civil War
• National Revolutionary Army
• History of the People's Liberation Army