Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011

Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011

23 October 2011 (2011-10-23)
All 217 seats to the Constituent Assembly 109 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout	51.97%
First party Second party Third party   Leader Rashid al-Ghannushi Moncef Marzouki Mohamed Hechmi Hamdi Party Ennahda CPR Aridha Seats won 89 29 26 Popular vote 1,501,320 353,041 273,362 Percentage 37.04% 8.71% 6.74%   Fourth party Fifth party   Leader Mustapha Ben Jafar Maya Jribi Party Ettakatol PDP Seats won 20 16 Popular vote 284,989 159,826 Percentage 7.03% 3.94%
Prime Minister before election Béji Caïd Essebsi Independent Elected Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali Ennahda

An election for a constituent assembly was held in Tunisia on 23 October 2011, following the Tunisian revolution and announced on 3 March 2011. The new Assembly has 217 members. It was the first free election held in Tunisia since the country's independence in 1956, as well as the first election in the Arab world held after the start of the Arab Spring.

The newly elected Constituent Assembly also has the power to either appoint a new government or extend the current one's term until the general election originally scheduled for July, which will now be held later.

The result was announced after counting began on 25 October 2011. Ennahda won a plurality in the election.

Background

Main article: Tunisian revolution

Senior party members of the disbanded former ruling party, the Constitutional Democratic Rally, were banned from standing in the election if they were in politics within the last ten years. Originally, the ban would have applied to all former senior party members (spanning 23 years instead of 10), but this was revised after protests by former RCD members.

The election campaign officially started on 1 October 2011.

Electoral system

The voting system allocates seats through proportional representation within various multi-member districts on closed lists based on thresholds set as the quotient of votes cast divided by seats contested. All party lists were required to alternate between male and female candidates.

Domestic districts

Each governorate of Tunisia has a designated number of seats based on population (Tunis, Sfax, and Nabeul, the three largest governorates by population, are split into two electoral districts each). Districts within Tunisia range in size from four to ten seats. Each delegate represents approximately 60,000 inhabitants, in a country of 10.5 million.

International districts

Eighteen of the 217 constituent assembly members represent Tunisians abroad. Almost a million Tunisians live abroad, with up to 500,000 Tunisians in France.

Polling for expatriate Tunisians took place in 80 countries around the world. France, Tunisia's former colonial ruler, elected ten representatives; Italy three; Germany one; North America and the rest of Europe two; and other Arab states two.

Around 60,000 Tunisians living in Germany were eligible to vote. In Canada, where around 16,000 Tunisians live, voting took place at the Tunisian embassy in Ottawa and the consulate in Montreal. In the United States, where an estimated 14,500 Tunisian citizens live, polling took place in Washington, D.C., New York City, Miami, Houston, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. In the United Kingdom, there were 4,700 potential voters and voting took place in Birmingham, Edinburgh, London and Manchester.

Parties

Press conference of the High and Independent Instance for the Elections in Tunisia, with Kamel Jendoubi (center)

• The largest and most organised party is the center-right and moderately Islamist Ennahda. Its platform includes economic liberalism, as well as allowing Islam to have a greater presence in public life. Its leader Rachid Ghannouchi did not run in the election saying that he had no ambitions to be in government. Instead, General Secretary Hamadi Jebali ran as the prime ministerial candidate.
• The Congress for the Republic (CPR), which is centered around secularism and intellectual freedom.
• Ettakatol or FDTL is a secular social democratic party. Most of its support comes from social media and grassroots volunteers.
• Al Aridha, the Popular Petition for Freedom, Justice and Development, a populist party.
• The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) is a secular, socially liberal, and economically centrist party, with leanings towards a mixed economy. Like Ennahda, it receives significant funding and has been able to run a nationwide campaign. The party benefits from the support of the business community.
• The Al-Watan Party and The Initiative (Moubadara) have emerged from the dissolved and banned Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) and represent key figures of the ousted Ben Ali regime.
• The Democratic Modernist Pole is a coalition led by the Ettajdid Movement, which is primarily focused on implementing political change. It is strongly anti-Islamist. Support for the coalition has dwindled due to infighting and an increase in support for other secular parties.
• Afek Tounes, a liberal center-right party with focus on secularism and civil liberties.
• A number of communist parties, by far the largest of which is the trade union-centered Tunisian Workers' Communist Party. Although they have only limited support, they were well organized and were expected to win seats. Many of these far-left parties are centered around human rights and alter-globalisation.

Issues

Secularism vs Islamism

The primary topic of discussion during the campaign has been the role of secularism and Islam in public life. Since the fall of the Ben Ali government, the ban on Hijab in public institutions has been lifted. Many of the secularist parties have formed after Ben Ali's party was dissolved. The repression of Islamists goes back to the days of Habib Bourguiba.

Though Ennahda seeks to establish an Islamic democracy guaranteeing civil freedoms and equality, some secularists claim that the party would endanger civil rights if it came to power. Secularists were also alarmed at violent protests by religious conservatives against the broadcast of the film Persepolis (which depicted God, something that is considered blasphemous in Islam) by Nessma TV. Ennahda condemned the violence, but maintained that the film had "touched everything that is sacred for Tunisians".

Campaign finances

Another major issue is the role of campaign finances. The PDP alleges that Ennahda has run their campaign unfairly because they allege Ennahda has received money from Persian Gulf billionaires. However, Ennahda denies the claims and assert that they simply use their money efficiently and fund-raise more effectively due to greater support for the party. They point out that their moderate policies have alienated many people in the Gulf area, who believe in radical Salafist and Wahhabi ideas. Others allege that the pro-business PDP and smaller UPL (founded by a Libyan businessman born in Tunisia) have themselves received unfair funding, as they have the support of the rich native business community.

Form of government

As the Constituent Assembly has to decide over a new constitution for Tunisia, the contenders have presented different proposals for the configuration of the new democratic system. The Ennahda Movement envisions a parliamentary model with a strong prime minister, inspired by the United Kingdom or Germany. Conversely, at least the PDP and the CPR favour a French-style semi-presidential republic.

Observers

There were more than 10,000 domestic and 500 international observers for the election, some members of delegations from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the European Union and the Carter Center.

Polls

Opinion polls showed that a large part of the population had not chosen for whom to vote. Ennahda consistently reached first place, followed by the Progressive Democratic Party, the Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties and the Congress for the Republic. In general, parties founded before the revolution have scored better than post-revolutionary parties.

In a poll partly sponsored by Al Jazeera, 47% of the respondents said they strongly identified with Islamism, 19% with Arab nationalism and 19% with liberalism. Only 6% felt strongly in favour of communism or socialism, respectively. A poll released by Sigma on 10 September showed that 57% of respondents agreed with a referendum that could set a limit on the duration of the Assembly's mandate, while 18.6% were against; 24.3% did not know.

Although polling results varied from source to source, it was generally believed Ennahda would do well. Most previously undecided voters shifted towards the secular, center-left parties while Ennahda support remained steady. Since early September, polls showed a close race between Ennahda and a potential coalition of secular parties.

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Afek	Alwatan	CPR	Ennahda	Ettajdid/ PDM	Ettakatol	Initiative	MDS	PCOT	PDP	UPL	None
ANSAmed	Mar 5, 2011	1,021	–	–	–	29%	7.5%	–	–	–	–	12.3%	–	61%
Al Jazeera	May 28 – Jun 2, 2011	1,244	–	–	–	21.0%	–	–	–	–	5.0%	8.0%	–	54%
Emrhod	Jun 8, 2011	1,000	–	–	7.3%	45.8%	11.1%	–	–	–	12.5%	20.3%	–	51%
Sigma	Jun 10, 2011	1,014	0.9%	3.1%	3.0%	16.9%	1.0%	3.5%	0.4%	–	1.5%	9.5%	–	59.7%
3C Études	Jul 7, 2011	?	–	–	–	14.3%	–	1.6%	–	–	0.8%	4.7%	–	67%
ISTIS	Aug 28, 2011	2,717	0.82%	1.62%	1.26%	22.82%	1.37%	5.93%	1.09%	3.14%	2.28%	8.66%	0.83%	–
Sigma	Sep 10, 2011	2,513	0.7%	3.1%	4.5%	22.8%	1.3%	9.2%	3.1%	–	0.8%	10.9%	1.7%	40%
HSS	Sep 22–24, 2011	1,035	3%	3%	8%	25%	2%	14%	3%	–	3%	16%	3%	21%

Controversies

Date of election

On 8 May 2011, interim prime minister Béji Caïd Essebsi voiced concerns that the election might have to be delayed. However, on 18 May 2011 the PM affirmed the election date would be adhered to. On 22 May 2011, the head of the country's independent electoral body Kamel Jendoubi suggested a delay to 16 October 2011, but this was denied vehemently by the government; very few of the political parties running in the election were in favour of the postponement. Jendoubi insisted on the delay, stating that he needed more time to prepare electoral lists and renew over 400,000 old identity cards, but the final decision would rest with the interim president.

The delay proved to be a very controversial issue, with the Ennahda Movement withdrawing from the National Council for the Safeguard of the Revolution until the election date issue was resolved.

The election, originally scheduled for 24 July 2011, were finally postponed to 23 October 2011 on 8 June 2011. Despite concerns over the delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party.

Tunisians in Canada

In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue "a matter of Canadian sovereignty". In response to Canada's opposition, Tunisia threatened to reject Canadian observers to monitor the election, but later reversed its decision and decided to accredit them. On 18 October, an agreement was reached between the two countries to allow Tunisians to cast their vote in Ottawa, at the Tunisian embassy's consular and diplomatic premises, and in Montreal, at the consulate and at a Tunisian community center.

Results

Main article: Results of the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011

  Ennahda (89)

  CPR (29)

  Popular Petition (26)

  Ettakatol (20)

  PDP (16)

  Initiative (5)

  PDM (5)

  Afek (4)

  PCOT (3)

  Other parties and independents (20)

There were a total of 11,686 candidates on 1,517 lists: 828 running with political parties, 655 running as independents, and 34 running with party coalitions. There are 33 constituencies, with one party list per group per constituency registered. Each governorate elected between four and ten representatives. The total number of parties contesting the election was about 100.

Tunisian expatriates elected their representatives on 20–22 October 2011.

After Kemal Jendoubi, the head of the Electoral Commission, announced the result, Ennahda claimed victory in the polls amidst expectations of getting about 40% of the vote, which would account for 24 of the 27 districts, according to Samir Dilou. Fellow party member Lotfi Zitoun said that: "I think that al-Nahda will win between 50 and 55 per cent of the seats, with the Congress Party for the Republic [sic] (CPR) coming in second place." Reuters quoted Ali Larayedh as saying that Ennahda would consider forming a coalition with both Ettakatol and CPR. The CPR indicated it was also open to this possibility, but would only stay in a coalition with Ennahda as long as civil liberties were not under threat.

 Summary of the 23 October 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election results

Parties		Votes	%	Seats
	Ennahda Movement	1,501,320	37.04	89
	Congress for the Republic	353,041	8.71	29
	Popular Petition	273,362	6.74	26
	Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties	284,989	7.03	20
	Progressive Democratic Party	159,826	3.94	16
	The Initiative	129,120	3.19	5
	Democratic Modernist Pole	113,005	2.79	5
	Afek Tounes	76,488	1.89	4
	Tunisian Workers' Communist Party	63,652	1.57	3
	People's Movement	30,500	0.75	2
	Movement of Socialist Democrats	22,830	0.56	2
	Free Patriotic Union	51,665	1.26	1
	Democratic Patriots' Movement	33,419	0.83	1
	Maghrebin Liberal Party	19,201	0.47	1
	Democratic Social Nation Party	15,534	0.38	1
	New Destour Party	15,448	0.38	1
	Progressive Struggle Party	9,978	0.25	1
	Equity and Equality Party	7,621	0.19	1
	Cultural Unionist Nation Party	5,581	0.14	1
	Independent lists	62,293	1.54	8
	Unrepresented lists	1,290,293	31.83	–
Valid votes		4,053,148	94.06	217
Blank or invalid votes		255,740	5.94
Total		4,308,888	100.00
Voter turnout		51.97
Electorate		8,289,924
Source: Tunisia-Live.net

Reactions

Ennahda's Rachid Ghannouchi said after the victory announcement that: "We salute Sidi Bouzid and its sons who launched the spark and we hope that God will have made Mohamed Bouazizi a martyr. We will continue this revolution to realize its aims of a Tunisia that is free, independent, developing and prosperous in which the rights of God, the Prophet, women, men, the religious and the non-religious are assured because Tunisia is for everyone."

Afek Tounes' had 17 high-level resignations after the election.

International

The former Iranian foreign minister and leader of the Islamic-nationalist opposition Freedom Movement of Iran Ebrahim Yazdi wrote to Nahda's al-Ghannushi saying: "In Muslim countries once a set of despots have been overthrown, another set of despots immediately take their place. This is what happened in Iran. Despite struggling for fundamental rights, freedom and self-determination, we Muslims from any nationality lack sufficient experience with democracy. We struggle and overthrow dictators but we don't remove tyranny as a mode of governance and a way of life."

Controversies and violence

Aridha Chaabia had lists in six electoral districts (8 seats total) voided by the electoral commission on the grounds that it violated election rules by campaigning during Purdha and because of evidence of foreign funding. At the first announcement of the disqualification, Tunisian journalists in the electoral commission's media center burst into applause and sang the Tunisian national anthem, demonstrating a general suspicion of the Aridha Chaabia lists. In reaction, the party's supporters set fire to the mayor's office and a court in Sidi Bouzid and more than 2,000 protesters congregated outside Ennahda's headquarters in the same town and pelted stones at security forces. Hachmi Hamdi then also said that he would withdraw all 19 seats won by the party. In reaction to the violence a curfew was imposed from 19:00 on 18 October to 5:00 on 29 October and, though tensions remained, there were no violent incidents reported. However, Aridha Chaabia's other list leaders refused to withdraw; consequently Hamdi reverted his decision and also called on the leaders of the nullified lists to appeal against the decision. The Administrative Court accepted, on Tuesday, the appeals filed by Aridha in the districts of Sidi Bouzid, Sfax-1, Jendouba, Kasserine and Tataouine. Aridha Chaabia thus recovered 7 of its 8 invalidated seats, bringing its total to 26. Following this, however, twelve parliament members of Aridha Chaabia resigned from the party and declared themselves independent members.

There were also other minor violations of the electoral code in regards to publicity on the day of the election itself, but it was decided that those were not serious enough to warrant nullifies the seats gained.

Analysis

Aridha Chaabia's surprise success was linked to its populist rhetoric and its party leader Mohamed Hechmi Hamdi being the only prominent politician not from the coastal regions (he was born in Sidi Bouzid), the party opted for campaigning in rural regions of Tunisia (particularly the south), which are often ignored by mainstream politicians.

Despite concern amongst the Western media about a possible hindrance to women's rights as a result of Ennahda's plurality, Souad Abdel Rahim of Ennahda said: "The doors are open for women now. We can sense that there has already been an impact. Even in Saudi Arabia, women can now vote," adding that Islamist parties in the Arab world should have a "framework" for women's advancement.

Government formation

Ennahda stated it would propose Hamadi Jebali, the party's secretary-general, as the new PM, but would not field a candidate for president and was open to supporting another party's candidate or the incumbent interim PM. Later, Ennahda named Mustapha Ben Jafar (secretary-general of Ettakatol), Moncef Marzouki (leader of CPR) and Beji Caid Essebsi (the interim PM) as possible candidates for the interim presidential period. Ettatakol stated that it would not nominate Ben Jafar for the position of prime minister, but was still not sure whether to participate in a coalition government with Ennahda and CPR.

On 28 October, Ennahda said a new government could be formed within ten days. Hamadi Jbeli said that talks had already begun on forming a coalition government with the priority agenda being to revive the national economy after the revolution. Rachid Ghannouchi added that Ennahda would honour its undertaking to write a new constitution within a year: "This government will look to establish common grounds through providing a government plan proposal for a year."

External links

• Election commission (ISIE) (Arabic and French)
  • Results per constituencies (Arabic only)
  • Very detailed and complete results, from whole constituencies down to individual voting stations (Arabic only)