Ahmad Yasawi
Sayyid Khawaja Hadrat-i Turkistan Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim Ibn Ilyas Yasawi |
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قوجا احمەت ياساۋٸ | |
File:Ahmad Yasawi miniature.png
A modern illustration of Ahmad Yasawi with Arystan Bab Mausoleum behind
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Religion | Sunni Islam (Hanafi) |
Personal | |
Born | 1093 CE Sayram, Kara-Khanid Khanate |
Died | 1166 CE (aged 72–73) Turkistan, Kara-Khanid Khanate |
Parents |
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Senior posting | |
Period in office | 12th century |
Religious career | |
Works | Book of Wisdom |
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Ahmad Yasawi (Kazakh: Қожа Ахмет Ясауи, قوجا احمەت ياساۋٸ; Persian: خواجه اَحمدِ یَسوی; 1093–1166) was a Turkic[1][2] poet and Sufi, an early mystic who exerted a powerful influence on the development of Sufi orders throughout the Turkic-speaking world.[3] Yasawi is the earliest known Turkic poet who composed poetry in Middle Turkic.[4][5] He was a pioneer of popular mysticism, founded the first Turkic Sufi order, the Yasawiyya or Yeseviye, which very quickly spread over Turkic-speaking areas.[6] He was a Hanafi scholar like his murshid (spiritual guide), Yusuf Hamadani.[7]
Contents
Early life
Ahmed Yesevi was born to Ibrahim in Sayram at the end of the 11th century. He lost his father at the age of seven and was then raised by Arslan Baba .[8] By then, Yasawi had already advanced through a series of high spiritual stages and, under the direction of Arslan Baba, the young Ahmad reached a high level of maturity and slowly began to win fame from every quarter. His father Ibrahim had already been renowned in that region for performing countless feats and many legends were told of him. Consequently, it was recognized that, with respect to his lineage as well, this quiet and unassuming young boy, who always listened to his elder sister, held a spiritually important position.
Yesevi later moved to Bukhara and followed his studies with Yusuf Hamadani.[9] Upon the demise of Yusuf Hamdani, first ʻAbdullah Barki and then Hassan-i Andākī became the head of Hamadani's khanqah.[7] Yasawi became the head murshid of the Naqshbandi order when Hassan-i Andākī died in 1160. He then turned this position to Abdul Khaliq Ghijduwani under Hamadani's advice and moved to Turkistan City in order to spread Islam in Turkestan.[7]
Influence
Ahmad Yasawi made considerable efforts to spread Islam throughout Central Asia and had numerous students in the region. Yasawi's poems created a new genre of religious folk poetry in Central Asian Turkic literature and influenced many religious poets in the following countries.[10] Yasawi turned the city of Iasy into the major centre of learning for the Kazakh Steppe, then retired to a life of contemplation at the age of 63. He dug himself an underground cell where he spent the rest of his life.
Turkish scholar Hasan Basri Çantay noted: "It was a Seljuk king who brought Rumi, the great Sufi poet, to Konya; and it was in Seljuq times that Ahmed Yasawi, another great Sufi, lived and taught. The influence of those two remarkable teachers has continued to the present."[11] Yasawi is also mentioned by Edward Campbell (writing as Ernest Scott)[12] as a member of the Khwajagan. Yasawi also influenced Turkish poet Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, he said: "Who is this Ahmad Yasawi? If you study him, you will find our nationality in Him."[13]
Poetry
Yasawi's most famous poetic work is undoubtedly his Dīwān-i Hikmat (Compendium of Wisdom), which was handed down from generation to generation. In his compendium, Yasawi denounces social injustice, violence and calls for patience and humility, as well as reliance on the will of Allah.[14]
The following example is an excerpt from Yasawi's Dīwān-i Hikmat, transliterated into Latin script and translated into English.[15]
Endi adoshdim dostlar, kelgan yolimdan. |
Now I have lost my way, oh friends! |
Legends about Ahmed Yasawi
Date palm
Legend has it that a religious mystic, Arystan-Bab (also known as Arslan Baba), was the teacher and spiritual mentor of Khoja Ahmad Yasawi. It was Arystan-Bab who transmitted the amanat (trustworthiness, noble quality), which was contained in a pip of date palm. According to the legend, Arystan-Bab was an associate of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. One day, Muhammad and his companions were resting and eating dates when suddenly one of the fruits fell out of the dish. Simultaneously, Muhammad heard the revelation: "This date is for the Muslim Ahmad, who will be born 400 years later than You." Muhammad asked his companions who would pass this persimmon to its future owner, but no one volunteered. Muhammad then repeated his question, and finally Arystan-Bab replied: "If you beg Allah to give me 400 years of life, then I will pass this date."[16]
Timur's dream
It is believed that one night Timur saw Ahmad Yasawi in his dream, where Yasawi predicted glad tidings of the forthcoming conquest of Bukhara. Taking this as a sign, Timur went on a campaign that would indeed be successful. After his victory, he decided to visit the grave of Yasawi and ordered to build there a majestic mausoleum.[17]
Legacy
Yasawi is celebrated as a spiritual teacher all throughout Central Asia, Turkey, & Greater Persia. The people of Kazakhstan, a secular country that was also the birthplace of Yasawi, have built numerous monuments and have honored him in many other ways as well, including:
- The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi[18] was later built on the site of his grave by Timur in Turkistan City. The Yesevi order he founded continued to be influential for several centuries afterwards, with the Yesevi Sayyid Ata Sheikhs holding a prominent position at the court of Bukhara into the 19th century.[19] There is the greatest influence of shamanistic elements in the Yasawiyya compared to other Sufi orders.[20]
- Yesevi authored the Book of Wisdom (Turkic: ديوان حكمت, Dīvān-i Ḥikmet), a collection of poems, in Turkic.[4] The book was published in 1895 and 1905 in Kazan.[5]
- The Naqshbandi Idries Shah mentions Yasawi's lineage in The Book of the Book.[21]
- The first Kazakh-Turkish university, Ahmet Yesevi University,[22] was named in his honor.
In popular culture
The Turkish series, Mavera (2021) (in Turkish) is based on Ahmad Yasawi's life. In the series, he was portrayed by the Turkish actor Korel Cezayirli .[citation needed]
References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found., page 373
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ I.Melikoff, 'Ahmad Yesevi and Turkic popular Islam' Archived 2006-12-25 at the Wayback Machine, EJOS, VI (2003), No. 8, 1-9, ISSN 0928-6802
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 The Foundation of the Presidency of Religious Affairs, TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 2, pp. 159-161 (in Turkish), İstanbul, 1989.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Y. N. Öztürk: The Eye of the Heart (Redhouse Press Istanbul 1988), p.49
- ↑ John L. Esposito, ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Volume 1, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 271
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ The People of the Secret by Edward Campbell (1983) ISBN 0-86304-038-1
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Global Media Journal, (2018), The Path of the Khoja Ahmet Yasawi in Kazakh and Turkish Minstrel Customs, p. 4
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Devin Deweese "The Politics of Sacred Lineages in 19th-century Central Asia: Descent groups linked to Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi in Shrine Documents and Genealogical Charters" International Journal of Middle East Studies Vol.31 (1999) pp507-530
- ↑ "The Sacred Sites of Kyrgyzstan", Cholpon K. Dyikanova, Taalaibek K. Dyikanov, Jarkyn B. Samanchina (eds.), Bishkek, 2004-2005, p. 8, citing Demidov, 1988, p. 3 Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found., page 9
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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Further reading
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External links
- UNESCO Heritage Mausoleum Hoja Ahmed Yasevi Script error: No such module "In lang".
- National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Hoja Ahmed Yasaui Script error: No such module "In lang".
- Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Turkestan (city in Kazakh SSR) Script error: No such module "In lang".
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- 1093 births
- 1166 deaths
- Sufi poets
- Muslim missionaries
- Turkic literature
- Sufis
- Turkic Sufi saints
- 12th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
- 12th-century poets