Foreign relations of Yugoslavia

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File:SFRYmap.PNG
Map of Yugoslavia from 1945 until 1992

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Foreign relations of Yugoslavia were international relations of the interwar Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Cold War Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During its existence, the country was the founding member of numerous multilateral organizations including the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, International Monetary Fund, Group of 77, Group of 15, Central European Initiative and the European Broadcasting Union.

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, ruled by the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty, was formed in 1918 by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (itself formed from territories of the former Austria-Hungary, encompassing Bosnia and Herzegovina and most of Croatia and Slovenia) and Banat, Bačka and Baranja (that had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary) with the formerly independent Kingdom of Serbia. In the same year, the Kingdom of Montenegro also proclaimed its unification with Serbia, whereas the regions of Kosovo and Vardar Macedonia had become parts of Serbia prior to the unification.[1] The first country in the world to officially recognize the new state was the United States.[2] After the creation of Yugoslavia the newly formed state was a status quo state in Europe which was opposed to revisionist states.[3] In this situation the country prominently was a part of the Little Entente and the first Balkan Pact. Yugoslav accession to the Tripartite Pact resulted in Yugoslav coup d'état and ultimately the Invasion of Yugoslavia.

During the World War II in Yugoslavia the country was formally represented by the Yugoslav government-in-exile while Yugoslav Partisans headed by Josip Broz Tito progressively gained support of the Allies.

During the first post-war years new Yugoslav state was closely aligned with the Soviet Union and involved into dispute over the Free Territory of Trieste and the Greek Civil War. In May 1945, 4,650 Greek refugees, mostly male members of ELAS, settled in the village of Maglić with the help of Yugoslav government. From 1945 to 1948, it was a sui generis case of Greek extraterritorial jurisdiction.[4] This period was sharply ended in 1948 after the Tito–Stalin split.

Yugoslavia initially pursued development of relations among non-bloc neutral European states as a way to avoid isolation and preserve certain level of independence without alienating major powers. In this period Yugoslavia joined the Second Balkan Pact. Belgrade however perceived that in deeply divided Europe there was shrinking maneuvering space for neutral countries and followed the development of what will be called process of Finlandization with great concern. In 1956 the Belgrade declaration ended the period of significant dependence on the Western bloc. The Declaration guaranteed noninterference in Yugoslavia’s internal affairs and legitimized right to different forms of socialist development in different countries.[5] While declaration failed in achieving lasting rapprochement between the two countries (result of the Yugoslav anxiety over the Hungarian Revolution of 1956) it had an effect on Yugoslav disengagement from the Balkan Pact with NATO member states of Turkey and Greece.[6]

Yugoslavia subsequently discovered new allies among former colonies and mandate territories beyond Europe.[7] Yugoslavia supported Egypt during the Suez Crisis. Yugoslavia developed its relations with India beginning with the time of their concurrent mandate at the UN Security Council from the end of 1949 onward.[8] Yugoslavia was one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement which enabled this comparatively small and underdeveloped country to play one of the most prominent diplomatic role during the Cold War.

Yugoslav crisis which escalated into breakup of the country and Yugoslav Wars turned into one of the major policy and security issues in the first decade after the end of the Cold War.

Foreign relations

Africa

Country Independence Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria 5 July 1962[9] 2 July 1962[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Angola 11 November 1975[9] 1975[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Benin 1 August 1960[9] 1962[9]
 Botswana 30 September 1966[9] 1970[9]
 Burkina Faso 5 August 1960[9] 1968[9]
 Burundi 1 July 1962[9] 1962[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Cameroon 1 January 1960[9] 1960[9]
 Cape Verde 5 July 1975[9] 1975[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Central African Republic 13 August 1960[9] 1960[9]
 Chad 11 August 1960[9] 1966[9]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 30 June 1960[9] 1961[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Republic of the Congo 15 August 1960[9] 1964[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Djibouti 27 June 1977[9] 1978[9]
 Egypt 28 February 1922[9] 1 February 1908 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia)[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Equatorial Guinea 12 October 1968[9] 1970[9]
 Ethiopia never colonized in a classical sense (temporary Italian occupation)[9] 1952[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Gabon 17 August 1960[9] 1960[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Gambia 18 February 1965[9] 1965[9]
 Ghana 6 March 1957[9] 1959[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Guinea 2 October 1958[9] 1958[9]
 Guinea-Bissau 10 September 1974[9] 1975[9]
 Ivory Coast 7 August 1960[9] 1968[9]
 Kenya 12/20 December 1963[9] 1963[9]
 Lesotho 4 October 1966[9] 1972[9]
 Liberia 26 July 1847[9] 1959[9]
 Libya 24 December 1951[9] 1955[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Madagascar 26 June 1960[9] 1960[9]
 Mali 22 September 1960[9] 1961[9]
 Morocco 2 March 1956[9] 2 March 1957[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Mauritius 12 March 1968[9] 1969[9]
 Mozambique 25 June 1975[9] 1975[9]
 Namibia 21 March 1990[9] 1990[9]
 Nigeria 1 October 1960[9] 1960[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Rwanda 1 July 1962[9] 1971[9]
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 28 November 1984[10] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Sao Tome and Principe 12 July 1975[9] 1977[9]
 Seychelles 29 June 1976[9] 1977[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Senegal 20 August 1960[9] 1961[9]
 Sierra Leone 27 April 1961[9] 1961[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Somalia 1 July 1960[9] 1960[9]
 Sudan 1 January 1956[9] 1956[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Swaziland 6 September 1968[9] 1968[9]
 Tanzania 1961, 26 April 1964 (unification)[9] 1961[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Togo 27 April 1960[9] 1960[9]
 Tunisia 20 March 1956[9] 1957[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Uganda 9 October 1962[9] 1963[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Zambia 24 October 1964[9] 1964[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Zimbabwe 18 April 1980[9] 1980[9] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Americas

Country Formal Relations Notes
 Argentina 29 February 1928[11] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Bolivia 1952[12] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Brazil 1938[13] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Canada 9 February 1942[14] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Chile 1935[15] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Colombia 1953[16] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Costa Rica 1952[17] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Cuba 1943[18] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Dominican Republic 1 March 1912 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia)[19] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Ecuador 1956[20] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 El Salvador 1956[21] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Grenada 29 June 1978[22] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Guatemala 1882 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia)[23] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Guyana 5 November 1968[24] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Haiti 1956[25] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Honduras 1904 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia)[26] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Jamaica October 1968[27] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Mexico 24 May 1946[28] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Nicaragua 23 February 1904 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia)[29] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Panama 1953[30] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Paraguay 1950[31] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Peru 1942[27] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Suriname 9 July 1976[32] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Trinidad and Tobago 1965[33] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Uruguay 1950[34] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 United States <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Venezuela 1951[35] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Afghanistan 30 December 1954[36] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Bangladesh 20 November 1956[37] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Burma 29 December 1950[38] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Cambodia 15 July 1956[39] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 China 2 January 1955[40] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 India 5 December 1948[41] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Indonesia 1954[42] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Iran 1945[43] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Iraq 1958[44] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Israel 19 May 1948[lower-alpha 1][45] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Japan <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Jordan 1951[46] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Kuwait 7 May 1963[47] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Laos 25 November 1962[48] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Lebanon 1946[49] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Malaysia 1967[50] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Mongolia 20 November 1956[51] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
   Nepal 7 October 1959[52] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 North Korea 30 October 1948 <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Oman 1974[53] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Palestine 1989[54][lower-alpha 2] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Pakistan 18 May 1948[55] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Philippines 1972[56] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Saudi Arabia N/a Saudi Arabia and Yugoslavia did not have diplomatic relations.
 Singapore 22 August 1967[57] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 South Korea 27 December 1982 <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Sri Lanka 14 October 1957[58] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Syria 1946[59] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Thailand 1954[60] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Turkey <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Vietnam 10 March 1957[61][62] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Yemen 1957[63] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Austria <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Belgium <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Bulgaria <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Cyprus 10 July 1960[64] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Czechoslovakia 1918[65] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Denmark 1917 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia)[66] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Estonia <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Finland 1928[67] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 France <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Germany <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 East Germany 15 October 1957[68] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Greece <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Holy See 1920 [69][lower-alpha 3] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Hungary <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Ireland 1977[70] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Italy <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Latvia 1917 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia)[71] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Lithuania <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
 Luxembourg 1927[72] Lua error in Module:Format_link at line 170: too many expensive function calls.
 Malta 6 January 1969[73] Lua error in Module:Format_link at line 170: too many expensive function calls.
 Netherlands Lua error in Module:Format_link at line 170: too many expensive function calls.
 Norway 26 January 1919[74] Lua error in Module:Format_link at line 170: too many expensive function calls.
 Poland Lua error in Module:Format_link at line 170: too many expensive function calls.
 Portugal 19 October 1917 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia)[75][lower-alpha 4] Lua error in Module:Format_link at line 170: too many expensive function calls.
 Romania Lua error in Module:Format_link at line 170: too many expensive function calls.
 Soviet Union 19 December 1945 Lua error in Module:Format_link at line 170: too many expensive function calls.
 Spain Lua error in Module:Format_link at line 170: too many expensive function calls.
 Sweden Lua error in Module:Format_link at line 170: too many expensive function calls.
  Switzerland 1919[77] Lua error in Module:Format_link at line 170: too many expensive function calls.
 United Kingdom Lua error in Module:Format_link at line 170: too many expensive function calls.

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia 1966[78] Lua error in Module:Format_link at line 170: too many expensive function calls.
 Fiji 1976[79] Lua error in Module:Format_link at line 170: too many expensive function calls.
 New Zealand 1951[80] Lua error in Module:Format_link at line 170: too many expensive function calls.

See also

References

  1. Formal relations were cut in 1967 following the Six-Day War
  2. Yugoslavia recognised Palestine on 16 November 1988
  3. Concordat signed in 1914[69]
  4. Portugal recognised the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1974 following the Carnation Revolution[76]
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