Lord Great Chamberlain

Not to be confused with the Lord Chamberlain.

In the United Kingdom, the Lord Great Chamberlain is the sixth of the Great Officers of State (not to be confused with the Great Offices of State), ranking beneath the Lord Privy Seal and above the Lord High Constable. The Lord Great Chamberlain has charge over the Palace of Westminster (though since the 1960s his personal authority has been limited to the royal apartments and Westminster Hall). The Lord Great Chamberlain also has a major part to play in royal coronations, having the right to dress the monarch on coronation day and to serve the monarch water before and after the coronation banquet, and also being involved in investing the monarch with the insignia of rule. He wears a distinctive scarlet court uniform and bears a gold key and a white stave as the insignia of his office.

The position is a hereditary one, held since 1780 in gross. At any one time, a single person actually exercises the office of Lord Great Chamberlain. The various individuals who hold fractions of the Lord Great Chamberlainship are technically each Joint Hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain, and the right to exercise the office for a given reign rotates proportionately to the fraction of the office held. For instance, the Marquesses of Cholmondeley hold one-half of the office, and may therefore exercise the office or appoint a deputy every alternate reign. (A Deputy Lord Great Chamberlain is a person exercising the office who is not personally a co-heir to the office; historically these have been sons or husbands of co-heirs as the office has never been exercised by a woman, as women were barred from sitting in the Lords until the present reign).

The office of Lord Great Chamberlain is distinct from the non-hereditary office of Lord Chamberlain of the Household, a position in the monarch's household. This office arose in the 14th century as a deputy of the Lord Great Chamberlain to fulfil the latter's duties in the Royal Household, but now they are quite distinct.

The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords, but the Act provided that a hereditary peer exercising the office of Lord Great Chamberlain (as well as the Earl Marshal) be exempt from such a rule, in order to perform ceremonial functions.

History of the office

The 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley wearing the court uniform of the Lord Great Chamberlain.

The office was originally held by Robert Malet, a son of one of the leading companions of William the Conqueror. In 1133, however, King Henry I declared Malet's estates and titles forfeit, and awarded the office of Lord Great Chamberlain to Aubrey de Vere, whose son was created Earl of Oxford. Thereafter, the Earls of Oxford held the title almost continuously until 1526, with a few intermissions due to the forfeiture of some Earls for treason. In 1526, however, the fourteenth Earl of Oxford died, leaving his aunts as his heirs. The earldom was inherited by a more distant heir-male, his second cousin. The Sovereign then decreed that the office belonged to The Crown, and was not transmitted along with the earldom. The Sovereign appointed the fifteenth Earl to the office, but the appointment was deemed for life and was not heritable. The family's association with the office was interrupted in 1540, when the fifteenth earl died and Thomas Cromwell, the King's chief adviser, was appointed Lord Great Chamberlain. After Cromwell's attainder and execution later the same year, the office passed through a few more court figures, until 1553, when it was passed back to the De Vere family, the sixteenth Earl of Oxford, again as an uninheritable life appointment. Later, Queen Mary I ruled that the Earls of Oxford were indeed entitled to the office of Lord Great Chamberlain on an hereditary basis.

Thus, the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth Earls of Oxford held the position on a hereditary basis until 1626, when the eighteenth Earl died, again leaving a distant relative as heir male, but a closer one as a female heir. The House of Lords eventually ruled that the office belonged to the heir male, Robert Bertie, 14th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, who later became Earl of Lindsey. The office remained vested in the Earls of Lindsey, who later became Dukes of Ancaster and Kesteven. In 1779, however, the fourth Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven died, leaving two sisters as female heirs, and an uncle as an heir male. The uncle became the fifth and last Duke, but the House of Lords ruled that the two sisters were jointly Lord Great Chamberlain and could appoint a Deputy to fulfil the functions of the office. The barony of Willoughby de Eresby went into abeyance between the two sisters, but the Sovereign terminated the abeyance and granted the title to the elder sister, Priscilla Bertie, 21st Baroness Willoughby de Eresby. The younger sister later married the first Marquess of Cholmondeley. The office of Lord Great Chamberlain, however, was divided between Priscilla and her younger sister Georgiana. Priscilla's share was eventually split between two of her granddaughters, and has been split several more times since then. By contrast, Georgiana's share has been inherited by a single male heir each time; that individual has in each case been the Marquess of Cholmondeley, a title created for Georgiana's husband.

Lord Great Chamberlains, 1130–1779

Years	Lord Great Chamberlain
??-1133	Robert Malet
1133–1141	Aubrey de Vere II
1141–1194	Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford
1194–1214	Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford
1214–1221	Robert de Vere, 3rd Earl of Oxford
1221–1263	Hugh de Vere, 4th Earl of Oxford
1263–1265	Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford
1265–1267	unclear, perhaps vacant.
1267–1296	unclear, perhaps again Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford
1296–1331	Robert de Vere, 6th Earl of Oxford
1331–1360	John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford
1360–1371	Thomas de Vere, 8th Earl of Oxford
1371–1388	Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford
1389–1399	John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter
1399–1400	Aubrey de Vere, 10th Earl of Oxford
1400–1417	Richard de Vere, 11th Earl of Oxford
1417–1462	John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford
1462–1475	John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford
1475–1485	unclear, perhaps Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, perhaps still the Earl of Oxford
1485–1513	John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford
1513–1526	John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford
1526–1540	John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford
1540–1540	Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex
1540–1542	Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex
1543–1549	Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford
1549–1550	John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick
1550–1553	William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton
1553–1562	John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford
1562–1604	Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford
1604–1625	Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford
1626–1642	Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey
1642–1666	Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey
1666–1701	Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey
1701–1723	Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven
1723–1742	Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven
1742–1778	Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven
1778–1779	Robert Bertie, 4th Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven

Joint hereditary Lord Great Chamberlains, 1780–present

The fractions show the holder's share in the office, and the date they held it. The current (as of 2015) holders of the office are shown in bold face.

Persons exercising the office of Lord Great Chamberlain, 1780–present

Monarch	Acted as Lord Great Chamberlain	Years
George III	Peter Burrell, 1st Baron Gwydyr as Deputy	1780–1820
George IV	Peter Burrell, 1st Baron Gwydyr as Deputy	1820–1821
	Peter Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Baron Gwydyr as Deputy	1821–1828
	Peter Drummond-Willoughby, 22nd Baron Willoughby de Eresby	1828–1830
William IV	George Cholmondeley, 2nd Marquess of Cholmondeley as Deputy	1830–1837
Victoria	Peter Drummond-Willoughby, 22nd Baron Willoughby de Eresby	1837–1865
	Albyric Drummond-Willoughby, 23rd Baron Willoughby de Eresby	1865–1870
	Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Baron Aveland as Deputy	1871–1888
	Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 1st Earl of Ancaster	1888–1901
Edward VII	George Cholmondeley, 4th Marquess of Cholmondeley	1901–1910
George V	Robert Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire	1910–1928
	William Legge, Viscount Lewisham as Deputy	1928–1936
Edward VIII	George Cholmondeley, 5th Marquess of Cholmondeley	1936
George VI	Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Earl of Ancaster	1936–1951
	James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster	1951–1952
Elizabeth II	George Cholmondeley, 5th Marquess of Cholmondeley	1952–1966
	George Cholmondeley, Earl of Rocksavage as Deputy	1966–1968
	George Cholmondeley, 6th Marquess of Cholmondeley	1968–1990
	David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley	1990–

Current rotation

The rotation switches to the next person in line or his or her representative at the death of each monarch.

1. The Hon Lorraine Wilson
2. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
3. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
4. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
5. Nicholas Llewellen Palmer
6. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
7. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
8. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
9. Jonathan Findlay
10. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
11. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
12. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
13. The Earl of Albemarle
14. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
15. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
16. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
17. Capt Harry Russell Legge-Bourke
18. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
19. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
20. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
21. Hon Tatiana Dent
22. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
23. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
24. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
25. Nicholas Llewellen Palmer
26. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
27. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
28. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
29. David Francis Basset (d.2010)
30. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
31. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
32. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
33. The Earl of Albemarle
34. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
35. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
36. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
37. Capt Harry Russell Legge-Bourke
38. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
39. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
40. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
41. Hon Ines Garton
42. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
43. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
44. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
45. Nicholas Llewellen Palmer
46. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
47. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
48. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
49. James Hamilton-Russell
50. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
51. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
52. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
53. The Earl of Albemarle
54. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
55. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
56. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
57. Capt Harry Russell Legge-Bourke
58. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
59. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
60. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
61. Hon Ysabel Wilson
62. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
63. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
64. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
65. Nicholas Llewellen Palmer
66. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
67. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
68. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
69. Jan Witold Kwiatkowski
70. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
71. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
72. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
73. The Earl of Albemarle
74. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
75. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
76. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
77. Capt Harry Russell Legge-Bourke
78. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
79. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
80. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
81. Hon Lorraine Wilson
82. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
83. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
84. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
85. Nicholas Llewellen Palmer
86. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
87. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
88. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
89. The Marquess of Donegall
90. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
91. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
92. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
93. The Earl of Albemarle
94. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
95. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
96. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
97. Capt Harry Russell Legge-Bourke
98. The Marquess of Cholmondeley
99. The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
100. The Marquess of Cholmondeley

External links

• www.debretts.com
• www.royal.gov.uk
• www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk