United States House of Representatives elections, 1894

United States House of Representatives elections, 1894

November 6, 1894
All 357 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives 179 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader Thomas Brackett Reed Charles Frederick Crisp Party Republican Democratic Last election 124 seats 220 seats Seats won 254 93 Seat change 130 127 Popular vote 6,745,611 4,954,805 Percentage 49.96% 36.70% Swing 7.08% 9.47%   Third party Fourth party   Leader John Calhoun Bell Party Populist Silver Last election 11 seats 1 seat Seats won 9 1 Seat change 2 Popular vote 1,412,078 4,581 Percentage 10.46% 0.03% Swing 2.57% 0.01%
Speaker before election Charles Crisp Democratic Elected Speaker Thomas Reed Republican

The elections to the United States House of Representatives 1894 comprised a significant realigning election — a major Republican landslide that set the stage for the decisive election of 1896. The elections of members of the United States House of Representatives in 1894 came in the middle of President Grover Cleveland's second term. The nation was in its deepest economic depression ever following the Panic of 1893, so economic issues were at the forefront. In the spring, a major coal strike damaged the economy of the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic. It was accompanied by violence; the miners lost and many moved toward the Populist party. Immediately after the coal strike concluded, Eugene V. Debs led a nationwide railroad strike, called the Pullman Strike. It shut down the nation's transportation system west of Detroit for weeks, until President Cleveland's use of federal troops ended the strike. Debs went to prison (for disobeying a court order). Illinois's Governor John Peter Altgeld, a Democrat, broke bitterly with Cleveland.

The fragmented and disoriented Democratic Party was crushed everywhere outside the South, losing more than half its seats to the Republican Party. Even in the South, the Democrats lost seats to Republican-Populist electoral fusion in Alabama, Texas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. The Democrats lost ultimately lost 127 seats in the election while the Republicans gained 130 seats (after the resolution of several contested elections). This is the largest swing in the history of the House of Representatives, and also makes the 1894 election the single largest midterm election victory in the entire history of the United States. (A political party would not suffer triple-digit losses again until 1932.)

The main issues revolved around the severe economic depression, which the Republicans blamed on the conservative Bourbon Democrats led by Cleveland. Cleveland supporters lost heavily, weakening their hold on the party and setting the stage for an 1896 takeover by the silverist wing of the party. The Populist Party ran candidates in the South and Midwest, but generally lost ground, outside Alabama, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas where state-level fusion with the Republicans was successful despite Populist and Republican antagonism at the national level. The Democrats tried to raise a religious issue, claiming the GOP was in cahoots with the American Protective Association. The allegations seem to have fallen flat as Catholics moved toward the GOP.

Election summaries

One seat was added for the new State of Utah.

↓

254	1	9	93
Republican	S	P	Democratic

State	Type	Total seats	Republican		Democratic		Populist		Silver
			Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Alabama	District	9	2	2	5	4	2	2	0
Arkansas	District	6	0		6		0		0
California	District	7	6	3	1	2	0	1	0
Colorado	District	2	1	1	0		1	1	0
Connecticut	District	4	4	3	0	3	0		0
Delaware	At-large	1	1	1	0	1	0		0
Florida	District	2	0		2		0		0
Georgia	District	11	0		11		0		0
Idaho	At-large	1	1		0		0		0
Illinois	District	22	22	11	0	11	0		0
Indiana	District	13	13	11	0	11	0		0
Iowa	District	11	11	1	0	1	0		0
Kansas	District +at-large	8	7	4	0		1	4	0
Kentucky	District	11	6	5	5	5	0		0
Louisiana	District	6	0		6		0		0
Maine	District	4	4		0		0		0
Maryland	District	6	3	3	3	3	0		0
Massachusetts	District	13	12	3	1	3	0		0
Michigan	District	12	12	5	0	5	0		0
Minnesota	District	7	7	3	0	2	0	1	0
Mississippi	District	7	0		7		0		0
Missouri	District	15	11	9	4	9	0		0
Montana	At-large	1	1		0		0		0
Nebraska	District	6	5	2	0	1	1	1	0
Nevada	At-large	1	0		0	1	0		1
New Hampshire	District	2	2		0		0		0
New Jersey	District	8	8	6	0	6	0		0
New York	District	34	30	16	4	16	0		0
North Carolina	District	9	3	2	2	6	4	4	0
North Dakota	At-large	1	1		0		0		0
Ohio	District	21	19	9	2	9	0		0
Oregon	District	2	2		0		0		0
Pennsylvania	District +2 at-large	30	28	8	2	8	0		0
Rhode Island	District	2	2	2	0	2	0		0
South Carolina	District	7	1		6		0		0
South Dakota	At-large	2	2		0		0		0
Tennessee	District	10	4	2	6	2	0		0
Texas	District	13	1	1	12	1	0		0
Vermont	District	2	2		0		0		0
Virginia	District	10	2	2	8	2	0		0
Washington	At-large	2	2		0		0		0
West Virginia	District	4	4	4	0	4	0		0
Wisconsin	District	10	10	6	0	6	0		0
Wyoming	At-large	1	1	1	0	1	0		0
1895 election
Utah	At-large	1	1	1	0		0		0
Total		357	254 71.1%	111	93 26.1%	107	9 2.5%	4	1 0.3%	1

House seats
Republican			71.15%
Democratic			26.05%
Populist			2.52%
Silver			0.28%

The previous election of 1892 saw 11 Populists and a Silver Party member win seats.

House seats by party holding plurality in state   80.1-100% Democratic     80.1-100% Republican   60.1-80% Democratic     60.1-80% Republican   Up to 60% Democratic   Up to 60% Populist   Up to 60% Republican

Net gain in party representation   6+ Democratic gain     6+ Republican gain   3 to 5 Democratic gain     3 to 5 Republican gain   1 to 2 Democratic gain   1 to 2 Populist gain   1 to 2 Republican gain   no net change

Early election dates

In 1894, three states, with 8 seats among them, held elections early:

• June 4 Oregon
• September 4 Vermont
• September 10 Maine

Complete returns

• D: Democratic
• I: Independent
• Pop: Populist
• Pr: Prohibition
• R: Republican

California

Main article: United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1894

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
California 1	Thomas J. Geary	Democratic	1890	Lost re-election Republican gain	John All Barham (R) 41.1% Thomas J. Geary (D) 37.0% Roger F. Grigsby (Pop) 19.7% J. R. Gregory (Pr)
California 2	Anthony Caminetti	Democratic	1890	Lost re-election Republican gain	Grove L. Johnson (R) 43.0% Anthony Caminetti (D) 35.1% Burdelli Cornell (Pop) 20.0% Elam Briggs (Pr) 1.9%
California 3	Warren B. English	Democratic	1892	Lost re-election Republican gain	Samuel G. Hilborn (R) 45.5% Warren B. English (D) 37.8% W. A. Vann (Pop) 14.9% L. B. Scranton (Pr) 1.8%
California 4	James G. Maguire	Democratic	1892	Re-elected	James G. Maguire (D) 48.3% Thomas Bowles Shannon (R) 32.0% B. K. Collier (Pop) 18.4% Joseph Rowell (Pr) 1.3%
California 5	Eugene F. Loud	Republican	1890	Re-elected	Eugene F. Loud (R) 36.8% Joseph P. Kelly (D) 23.0% James T. Rogers (Pop) 21.5% James Denman (Pr) 18.7%
California 6	Marion Cannon	Populist	1892	Retired Republican gain	James McLachlan (R) 44.3% George S. Patton (1856-1927) (D) 27.6% W. C. Bowman (Pop) 23.1% J. E. McComas (Pr) 5.0%
California 7	William W. Bowers	Republican	1890	Re-elected	William W. Bowers (R) 42.9% W. H. Alford (D) 28.2% J. L. Gilbert (Pop) 25.0% W. H. Somers (Pr) 3.9%

Florida

Main article: United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, 1894

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Florida 1	Stephen R. Mallory	Democratic	1890	Retired Democratic hold	Stephen M. Sparkman (D) 85.3% D. L. McKinnon (Pop) 14.7%
Florida 2	Charles Merian Cooper	Democratic	1892	Re-elected	Charles Merian Cooper (D) 79.8% Montholom Atkinson (Pop) 20.2%

Ohio

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Ohio 1	Bellamy Storer	Republican	1890	Retired Republican hold	Charles Phelps Taft (R) 65.0% Hiram D, Peck (D) 35.0%
Ohio 2	Jacob H. Bromwell	Republican	1894 (s)	Re-elected	Jacob H. Bromwell (R) 67.6% James B. Matson (D) 32.4%
Ohio 3	Paul J. Sorg	Democratic	1894 (s)	Re-elected	Paul J. Sorg (D) 50.2% Andrew L. Harris (R) 49.8%
Ohio 4	Fernando C. Layton	Democratic	1892	Re-elected	Fernando C. Layton (D) 52.5% William D. Davies (R) 47.5%
Ohio 5	Dennis D. Donovan	Democratic	1892	Lost re-nomination Republican gain	Francis B. De Witt (R) 52.6% John S. Snook (D) 47.4%
Ohio 6	George W. Hulick	Republican	1892	Re-elected	George W. Hulick (R) 61.9% Joseph L. Stephens (D) 38.1%
Ohio 7	George W. Wilson	Republican	1892	Re-elected	George W. Wilson (R) 60.6% Charles E. Gain (D) 39.4%
Ohio 8	Luther M. Strong	Republican	1892	Re-elected	Luther M. Strong (R) 64.9% Elijah T. Dunn (D) 35.1%
Ohio 9	Byron F. Ritchie	Democratic	1892	Lost re-election Republican gain	James H. Southard (R) 59.5% Byron F. Ritchie (D) 40.5%
Ohio 10	Hezekiah S. Bundy	Republican	1893 (s)	Retired Republican hold	Lucien J. Fenton (R) 67.6% John O. Yates (D) 32.4%
Ohio 11	Charles H. Grosvenor	Republican	1892	Re-elected	Charles H. Grosvenor (R) 64.1% Eli R. Lash (D) 35.9%
Ohio 12	Joseph H. Outhwaite	Democratic	1892	Lost re-election Republican gain	David K. Watson (R) 52.2% Joseph H. Outhwaite (D) 47.8%
Ohio 13	Darius D. Hare	Democratic	1892	Retired Republican gain	Stephen Ross Harris (R) 50.9% Boston G. Young (D) 49.1%
Ohio 14	Michael D. Harter	Democratic	1892	Retired Republican gain	Winfield S. Kerr (R) 59.9% James C. Laser (D) 40.1%
Ohio 15	H. Clay Van Voorhis	Republican	1892	Re-elected	H. Clay Van Voorhis (R) 61.6% Charles Richardson (D) 38.4%
Ohio 16	Albert J. Pearson	Democratic	1892	Retired Republican gain	Lorenzo Danford (R) 62.9% Albert O. Barnes (D) 37.1%
Ohio 17	James A. D. Richards	Democratic	1892	Lost re-election Republican gain	Addison S. McClure (R) 52.3% James A. D. Richards (D) 47.7%
Ohio 18	George P. Ikirt	Democratic	1892	Retired Republican gain	Robert W. Tayler (R) 51.0% Edward S. Raff (D) 27.1% Jacob S. Coxey, Sr. (Pop) 21.9%
Ohio 19	Stephen A. Northway	Republican	1892	Re-elected	Stephen A. Northway (R) 75.7% Henry Apthorp (D) 24.3%
Ohio 20	William J. White	Republican	1892	Retired Republican hold	Clifton B. Beach (R) 67.5% H. B. Harrington (D) 32.5%
Ohio 21	Tom L. Johnson	Democratic	1890	Lost re-election Republican gain	Theodore E. Burton (R) 57.5% Tom L. Johnson (D) 42.5%

South Carolina

Main article: United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1894

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
South Carolina 1	George W. Murray Redistricted from the 7th district	Republican	1892	Lost re-election Democratic gain	William Elliott (D) 59.1% George W. Murray (R) 40.9%
South Carolina 2	W. Jasper Talbert	Democratic	1892	Re-elected	W. Jasper Talbert (D) 99.5% Others 0.5%
South Carolina 3	Asbury Latimer	Democratic	1892	Re-elected	Asbury Latimer (D) 81.3% Robert Moorman (R) 13.9% Others 4.8%
South Carolina 4	George W. Shell	Democratic	1890	Retired Democratic hold	Stanyarne Wilson (D) 75.1% Lawson D. Melton (R) 24.7% Others 0.2%
South Carolina 5	Thomas J. Strait	Democratic	1892	Re-elected	Thomas J. Strait (D) 67.6% G. G. Alexander (R) 17.0% W. R. Davie (I) 12.8% Others 2.6%
South Carolina 6	John L. McLaurin	Democratic	1892	Re-elected	John L. McLaurin (D) 76.9% J. P. Wilson (R) 23.1%
South Carolina 7	None (open seat due to redistricting)			Democratic gain	J. William Stokes (D) 73.0% T. B. Johnson (R) 26.3% Others 0.7%

In the 1st district, Murray successfully challenged Elliott's election and was awarded the seat on June 4, 1896.

The election in the 7th district was declared void on June 1, 1896 due to electoral fraud

Utah

Main article: United States House of Representatives election in Utah, 1895

This was Utah's first election for Representatives.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Utah at-large	None (new state)			Republican win	Clarence E. Allen (R) 49.7% Brigham H. Roberts (D) 47.5% J. Hogan (Pr) 2.8%

See also

• United States Senate elections, 1894
• 54th United States Congress

Bibliography

• Republican Congressional Committee, Republican Campaign Text Book: 1894 (1894).
• Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896 (1971).

External links

• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)