Zaiyuan

Zaiyuan
Prince Yi of the First Rank
Prince Yi of the First Rank
Reign	1825–1861
Predecessor	Zaifang
Successor	Zaidun
Born	1816
Died	1861 (aged 44–45) Beijing, China
Full name Aisin Gioro Zaiyuan (愛新覺羅·載垣)
House	Aisin Gioro

Zaiyuan
Traditional Chinese	載垣
Simplified Chinese	载垣
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zǎiyuán Wade–Giles Tsai-yüan
Prince Yi
Traditional Chinese	怡親王
Simplified Chinese	怡亲王
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yí Qīnwáng Wade–Giles I Chin-wang

Zaiyuan (1816–1861), formally known by his title Prince Yi, was a Manchu prince of the Qing dynasty. He was one of the eight regents appointed by the Xianfeng Emperor to assist his successor, the Tongzhi Emperor.

Life

Zaiyuan was born in the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan as a fifth-generation descendant of Yunxiang (1686–1730), the 13th son of the Kangxi Emperor. He inherited his ancestors' title, "Prince Yi of the First Rank", in 1852 during the reign of the Daoguang Emperor (r. 1820–50).

Zaiyuan took up important positions during the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850–61), including being a minister in the Imperial Clan Court and an imperial guard commander. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Zaiyuan and Muyin (穆蔭) travelled to Tongzhou to replace Guiliang (桂良) in the peace negotiations with the British and French. When the negotiations failed, the Mongol general Sengge Rinchen captured the British diplomats Harry Smith Parkes and Henry Loch, Thomas William Bowlby (a journalist for The Times), and their escorts. The majority of the group – except the two diplomats – died from torture or disease; the survivors were released later. The Anglo-French expeditionary force closed in on Beijing. On 18 October, in retaliation for the capture and deaths of the peace delegation, the British and French destroyed the Old Summer Palace (Yuanmingyuan). Zaiyuan had already fled with the Xianfeng Emperor to the Chengde Mountain Resort in Hebei. Prince Gong, who was ordered to remain behind to make peace with the invaders, successfully concluded the Convention of Beijing with the British, French and Russians.

Before the Xianfeng Emperor died in 1861, he appointed Zaiyuan, Sushun, Duanhua and five others as regents to assist his son, who succeeded him as the Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861–75). Later that year, Prince Gong, with support from the Empress Dowagers Ci'an and Cixi, launched the Xinyou Coup and seized power from the eight regents. Zaiyuan was arrested, imprisoned, and given a piece of white silk cloth to commit suicide by hanging himself with the cloth. After Zaiyuan's death, his princely title was inherited by Zaidun (載敦), one of his distant relatives.

See also

• Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
• Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing