Marshal Ferdinand Foch Street in Bydgoszcz

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Marshal Ferdinand Foch Street
Bydgoszcz
Polish: Ulica Marszałka Ferdynanda Focha w Bydgoszczy
File:Bydgoszcz - fotopolska.eu (242078).jpg
View in the vicinity of Theatre square
250 px
Focha street in downtown Bydgoszcz
Former name(s) Wilhelmstraße - Jagiellońska - Hermann-Göringstraße - Robotniczo-Chłopska Armia Czerwona
Namesake French born Marshal Ferdinand Foch
Owner City of Bydgoszcz
Length 1.1 km (0.7 mi)
Area Downtown Bydgoszcz
Location Bydgoszcz

Marshal Ferdinand Foch Street or Focha Street is a main street of Bydgoszcz, in Downtown district (Polish: Śródmieście).

Location

Located in the center of Bydgoszcz, the street stretches east-west from the intersection with Gdańska Street to Grunwaldska roundabout. Its is approximately 1.1 km long. To the west, it joins with Nakielska street in Bydgoszcz, and with Jagiellońska street to the east.

Appellation

The street bore the following names throughout history:[1]

History

Focha street is one of the key routes in Bydgoszcz, since the first half of 19th century. Previously, the apth was a dirt road leading from the Old Carmelite Monastery to meadows bordering the Brda river, which were owned by the monastery. This course is clearly visible on the oldest plan of Bydgoszcz, realized by the Swedish quartermaster Erik Dahlbergh in 1657.[2] Without any bridge to the west to cross the river, the street ended along the waterfront, with a diverging path leading to Koronowo and Nakło nad Notecią - today Dworcowa Street in Bydgoszcz- until 1850.

In 1774, the construction of the Bydgoszcz Canal required the building of a city lock and a causeway leading to Mill Island, which allowed the crossing of the Brda River in the continuity to the west of the axis. The road then gained in traffic, as being also used for towing boats along the Bydgoszcz Canal.

File:Focha 1876.jpg
Focha street on a 1876 map

In the second half of the 19th century, the eastern tip of the street became connected with the new administrative center of the city, with the erection in 1836 of the Governemental seat of the Prussian region in Jagiellońska street. In Focha street were built in the 1860s tenements for local garrison personnel.[3] Real estate cadastral files of Bromberg from 1878 reveals that a southern frontage of houses stood in the area from Theatre square to the Opera Nova. On the northern bank of the Brda river stood a military casino (from 1869) on the corner of the street. The villa of the president of the Prussian region was located at the level of today's N°25, together with garrison lodgings: in the same area was standing lock N°2 - Polish: Śluza II „Grottgera”- on the old Bydgoszcz Canal (now the plot at the intersection with Grottger Street). The area in the bend of the Brda were occupied by military buildings, including the city's largest granaries, the Royal Granaries. To the west of lock N°2, the axis was called Channel street (German: Canal Strasse), and winded along the Bydgoszcz Canal. At the level of today's Higher School of Economics was standing a bridge crossing the canal over lock N°2.[1]

From 1885 to 1890, new bridges have been buit:

  • Wilhelmsbrücke, renamed after 1920 Jagiellonska Bridge over the Brda river ;
  • Hafenbrücke, renamed after 1920 Port Bridge.

Both had a steel structure, with a wide roadway, sidewalks and gas lighting. Today, both bridges comprise Solidarnosc Bridge. With this construction, the street assumed a critical character in the city, linking western suburbs (Okole, Wilczak) with downtown. At the time, the street was used as a route march military parade, together with Gdańska Street and Mostowa street). During interwar period, Focha Street did not extend to the west further than the intersection with Trinity Street (Polish: Świętej Trójcy).

During World War II, Solidarnosc Bridge was destroyed: it has been since rebuilt several times (1939, 1945, 1950s). It has now a reinforced concrete structure.

File:Bydgoszcz Most Władysława IV.jpg
Władysław IV Bridge in 1911

After the war, the increased traffic required an expansion of Focha street. In the 1970s, a urban traffic renovation modernized Focha street to the west of Brda with a dual carriageway on both side of the tram track. Part of this program led to the controversial filling of approximately one kilometre of the old Bydgoszcz Canal, together with the destruction of two locks (N°2 at Świętej Trójcy street and N°3 at Grunwaldzka street).[4] and the demolition of stone Władysław IV bridge.[5] At the beginning of the 1980s, in order to renovate the tramway line, last pieces of Focha street's old granite pavement has been recovered with asphalt.[6] Last renovation of the street occurred in 2010-2012, to integrate the new tram tracks from the train station at the intersection with Kordecki and Queen Jadwiga streets: it encompassed also the street section from Theatre Square to Solidarnosc bridge.

Means of transportation

Tram tracks on Focha street were built in 1905. The line has been extended to the west, from Theatre Square to Nakielska street, becoming the third line electrically powered in the city (line "C" blue, in 1901). In 1904, this line has been extended eastward to Bartodzieje district.[7] In 1957, a second tram track has been built, and in the 1972-1974, while building the Grunwaldzka roundabout, a double-track tram line in the western part of Focha street has been layed to the roundabout.[8] Currently, tram lines N° 1, 3, 5 and 8 pass through Focha street.

The street is one of the busiest traffic thoroughfares in Bydgoszcz. Traffic measures realized in 2006 showed that during peak periods approximately 2000 vehicles pass every hour.[9]

Main edifices

Tenement Max Zweininger Bydgoszcz, Focha Street N°2 corner house with Gdańska Street

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Main article: Max Zweininger Building

1901-1902, by Karl Bergner

Vienna Secession

The house was built for Max Zweininger, owner of a famous hat manufactory in Bromberg,[10] located on the square.[11]

  • Focha 2 Bydg.jpg

    View of the corner

  • Focha 2 Bydg a.jpg

    Frontage on Focha Street

  • Focha2 details.jpg

    Decoration detail

  • Zweiniger adv 1905.jpg

    Advertising for Zweiniger's shop in 1905



Tenement at N°4

Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°601292, Reg. A/849, April 22, 1996[12]

1901-1902, by Karl Bergner

Vienna Secession & Eclecticism

The building at then-Wilhelmstraße 17 has been built to be a renting tenement, owned by Mr. Rapiewocki, a merchant.[13]

The elevation echoes the one at N°2, by the same architect: identical bay window, flanked by wrought iron balconies. Even the decoration is alike: figures, cartouches, ornaments and scrollworks, up to the facade pediment.

  • Focha 4 Bydg a.jpg

    View from Focha street

  • Bdg plTeatralny 18 07-2013.jpg

    Decoration detail

  • Bdg plTeatralny 15 07-2013.jpg

    ornamentation

  • Bdg Focha4 a5 6-2015.jpg

    Top pediment



Opera Nova, Focha Street N°5

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Main article: Opera Nova Bydgoszcz

1973-2006, by Józef Chmiel, Andrzej Prusiewicz

International Style

The Opera Nova is one of the most modern theatres in Poland. The rich repertoire includes operas, ballets, operettas and musicals, concerts and performances. Bydgoszcz Opera Festival, gathering opera artists from all over the world, has been organized since 1994.

  • Bdg Brda opera.jpg

    View from Mill Island

  • Bdg OperaNova 10 07-2013.jpg

    Main entrance on Focha Street

  • SM Bydg 05-2012z.jpg

    Bird eye view from Grodzka Street

  • Bdg OperaNova noc 2 11-2013.jpg

    By night



Tenement at N°6

Second half of the 19th century

Neoclassical architecture

The first owner of the house at Wilhelmstraße 16 was a famous printer, Albert Dittmann, local tycoon and successful entrepreneur in Bromberg.[14] His printhouse covered the back yard of Focha 6 and extended through the block to today's building at Dworcowa Street N°13. The company activity is confirmed until the outbreak of WWII.

The house design is very close to the one at Gdanska Street N°40, built at the same time.

  • Focha 6 Bydg.jpg

    View from Theatre Square

  • 1890 Dittmann Focha 6.jpg

    Advertising for Dittmann printhouse, 1890



Tenement at N°8

End of the 19th century

Neoclassical architecture

The first owner of the house at Wilhelmstraße 15 was Louis Mallachow,[15] a dentist living at Danzuiger straße 14.[16] Later on , in the 1880s the building has been the property of Theodore Joop,[17] a famous photograph who had its worshop there. His firm survived his death, taken over by Paul Nawrotzki and Emil Wehr.[18]

The frontage displays typical neo-classical architectural features.

  • Mallachow 1864.jpg

    Advertisement for Dr. Mallachow in 1864

  • 1890 joop focha 8.jpg

    Advertising for Th. Joop in 1890

  • 1907 joop focha 6.jpg

    Joop workshop at N°8 in 1907

  • Focha 8 Bydg.jpg

    Elevation on the street



Tenement at N°10

Beginning of the 20th century

Vienna Secession & Eclecticism

In 1880, Heinrich Castner, restaurateur, opened a beer hall in this place.[19] Franz Tomaszewski, a baker, owned this building, then located at Wilhelmstraße 14, from 1882[20] till WWI.

Main elevation bears profound features of Eclecticism with bay windows, adorned dormers on the gable. Decoration is very delicate, comprising arched pediments flanking a niche crowned by a cherub face on the first floor, a second biche is also present on the sceond floor. Everywhere, scrollworks with vegetal motifs are present, as well as adornement on dormers and bay windows.

  • Bdg Focha10 1 12-2013.jpg

    View from the street

  • Bdg Focha10 5 12-2013.jpg

    Detail of a dormer



Tenement at N°12

Turn of the 20th century

Eclecticism & Neo-Renaissance

Otto Christian Ludwig Bollmann was the first owner this building in the 1880s, then located at Wilhelmstraße 13.[21] He was a merchant, owner of a brickyard located in Ritterstraße (now Rycerska street). Afterwards, the place housed a bank (Bromberger Bank) in the 1910s.

The facade has neo-renaissance features, with pediment bearing a bas-relief woman figure in a cartouche, hanged by vegetal garlands on the first floor. The most sriking element is the grand bay window parting the frontage and towering the entry gate: it has almost classical characteristics with fake columns, triangular pediment and four allegoric bas-reliefs.

  • Bdg Focha 8 07-2013.jpg

    Main elevation

  • Bdg Focha12 6 12-2013.jpg

    Detail of the gate

  • Bdg Focha12 7 12-2013.jpg

    Detail of the bay window

  • Bdg Focha12 1 12-2013.jpg

    Pediment and two allegoric bas-reliefs

  • Adv Bollmann 1880.jpg

    Advertising for Bollmann Firm in 1880



Tenement at N°14

1885, by A. Berndt

Neo-Renaissance[22]

Albert Pallatsch, a restaurateur in Rinkauerstraße and Bahnhoffstraße in the 1900s, opened there a café-restaurant named Pilsener Hütte(1908),[23] then Rheingold (1915). Initial address was Wilhelmstraße 12

The facade has lost all its decoration with time.

  • Focha 14 Bydg.jpg

    Main elevation



Tenement at N°16

20th century

International Style

In this house lived in 1882, Anton Hoffmann, a master mason and architect very active in dowtown Bydgoszcz the second half of the 19th century. Part of his achievements are tenements or houses at Śniadecki Street 31, Pomorska Street 21 or Długa street 3.[24] The actual building houses the company PS-SA (Polish: Polskie Sieci Elektroenergetyczne - Północ S.A.).

The facade has lost its decor following several refurbishments, only the top baluster railing has been preserved.

  • Focha 16 Bydg.jpg

    Main elevation



Tenement at N°18

1885, by A. Berndt

Eclecticism & Neo-Renaissance

David Woythaler moved its tobacco factory to this location, then Wilhelmstraße 10, in the 1880s.[25] In 1907 Bromberg plant was one of the largest manufacturers of snuff tobacco in Prussia.[26] Once the factory closed in the early 1920s,[26] the place became the National Printhouse T.A.(Polish: Drukarnia Narodowa T.A.).

Recently renovated, the facade displays an elegant balance, topped by a roof with parapet: pedimented windows are separated by adorned pilasters, a scrollwork frieze crowns the elevation.

  • Focha 18 Bydg.jpg
  • Woythaler 1914.jpg

    The tobacco factory on an 1914 invoice

  • Drukarnia Narodowa Gazeta Bydgoska 1923.jpg

    Advertising for Drukarnia Narodowa in 1923



Tenement at N°20

1884

German Historicism

Johann Lindner, a rentier[27] was the first owner of the building at Wilhelmstraße 9 in the late 1870s. The tenement has been renovated in 2007 and converted in 2014 into a four-star hotel Mercure Sepia (90 rooms) with a panoramic roof terrace (85 seats), parking (it opened officially on January 16, 2015).[28]

The facade has a large bay window, but most worthy noticing is its roof: on a small area are displayed a hipped dormer window in the middle, a small tented roof on the left and a curve shape gable dormer on the left.

  • Focha 20 Bydg.jpg

    Main elevation



Tenement at N°22

20th century

International Style

J G Habermann, a merchant was the landlord of the original building at Wilhelmstraße 8 in 1864.[29] The Habermans owned the house until 1895, when Władysław Piórek became the new landlord. Władysław Piórek (1852-1926) was a physician, national and social activist in the city, he supported Polish cultural, educational and charitable institutions. He has been made Honorary citizen of Bydgoszcz (Polish: Honorowi obywatele Bydgoszczy) in 1926. A dedicatory plaque has been placed on the building in 2000.

The facade has lost its decor in the 1990s.

  • Bdg Focha22 2 6-2015.jpg

    Main elevation

  • Bdg Focha22 1 6-2015.jpg

    Plaque to Władysław Piórek



House at N°23

1855-1857, by Heinrich Mautz

Neoclassical architecture[30]

The house at then Maußstraße 1 has been built by master carpenter Heinrich Mautz.[31] Since 1887, the villa housed the military general commanding the Prussian 4th Division billeted in Bromberg.[32] After 1920, the place was owned by the Ministry of Military Affairs:[33] in the 1930s, general Wiktor Thommée lived there.[30] During WWII, it was the HQ of the Nazi security forces: a plaque in memoriam has been placed.After WWII, it has housed a city division of the tax office (Polish: Izba Skarbowa).

The two-storey villa has got very neo-classical features, a set of identical windows one the ground floor and a series of smaller, square openings above. The entry gate on Adam Czartoryski street has particularly well adorned lintel and pilasters.

  • Focha 23 25 1900.jpg

    1900 view with N°23 on the left, N°25 on the right



Tenement at N°24

1876, by Carl Stampehl[34]

Eclecticism & Neo-Renaissance[34]

Johann Kretschmer, a wood merchand, was the landlord of both buildings at Wilhelmstraße 7A (N°24) and Wilhelmstraße 7 (N°26) at their completion in 1876.[35] Carl Stampehl also designed in Bydgoszcz a Tenement at Gdanska street 22 in 1875 and the Villa Carl Blumwe in 1893.

The main elevation displays, since a recent renovation, a small frieze on the top of the ground floor window, several cartouches with griffins, windows with balusters and pilasters on the second level and a mansard roof.

  • Bdg Focha24 2 6-2015.jpg

    Main elevation

  • Bdg Focha24 1 6-2015.jpg

    Detail of the upper floor decoration



House at N°25

1799[36]

Neoclassical architecture[30]

The villa has been, from 1836 to 1920, the official residence of the presidents of the Bydgoszcz Regency(German: Regierungsbezirk,Polish: Rejencja), as the northern of two Prussian administrative regions of the Grand Duchy of Posen (1815–49) and the Province of Posen (1849-1918). The president executive office was located in today's Regional Office Building. The first president to occupy the site was Carl von Wissmann.[36] In front of the house ran the Old Bydgoszcz Canal till 1973: opposite the villa was located one of the lock (Polish: Śluza II "Grottgera") at the level of Artur Grottger street.

The vast edifice has only one storey. Its elevation on Focha street displays a perfect symmetry with two annexes with vehicle gate on both side. The main entry features typical neo-classical elements: the gate is flanked by two columns, topped by a large lintel. The ensemble is part of an avant-corps crowned by a temple-like triangular pediment.

  • Focha 25 1914 and second lock.jpg

    Villa at N°25 in 1914, in front of the Old canal lock



Multi Kino, Focha Street N°48

2002

International Style

The plot where stands the cinema complex has been for a long time part of the Old Canal of Bydgoszcz banks, before its burying in 1973. During the Prussian era, a monument to Franz von Brenkenhoff (1723-1780), Prussian engineer who build the Bydgoszcz Canal. It was a metal bust on a pedestal, unveiled on October 27, 1894, and located between two canal locks (N° II-"Grottgera" and III-"Grunwaldzka"), in the area of today's Artur Grottger street. In July, 1919, it was evacuated, along with the equipment of Regency Building at N°25.

Multikino multiplex was the first built in Bydgoszcz. It houses 10 screens for a capacity of 2,175 seats.

  • Multikino.jpg

    View from Focha Street

  • Pomnik Franza von Brenkenhoffa 1914.jpg

    Monument to Von Brenkenhoff, 1914 Bromberg



Mechanical School N°1, Corner with Świętej Trójcy street N°37

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Main article: Mechanical School N°1, Bydgoszcz

Registered on Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, N°601424, Reg. A/890, March 23, 1993[12]

1911, by Otto Brech & Carl Meyer

Neo-Baroque & Eclecticism

The building of the Mechanical School N°1 in Bydgoszcz is a historic public building in Bydgoszcz, serving educational purposes. It has been christened in 1989, Mechanical School Franciszek Sylwester Jerzy Siemiradzki , an engineer, director of the school from 1923 to 1939.

  • Budynek Technikum w Bydgoszczy.JPG

    View from Nakielska street

  • Bydgoszcz, szkoła rzemiosł i przemysłu artystycznego, ob. Zespół Szkół Mechanicznych, 1910-1911 6.JPG

    View from Focha Street

  • Focha kanal.jpg

    Old Canal with Mechanical school on a 1914 postcard



Panorama of Focha street buildings from N°2 (far right) to N°16 (far left)
Panorama of Focha street buildings from N°2 (far right) to N°16 (far left)



See also

External links

Bibliography

  • (Polish) Daria Bręczewska-Kulesza: Przegląd stylów występujących w bydgoskiej architekturze drugiej połowy XIX i początku XX stulecia
  • (Polish) Bydgoszcz w stronę Okola. Zespół Pracowni Dokumentacji i Popularyzacji Zabytków Wojewódzkiego Ośrodka Kultury w Bydgoszczy. Bydgoszcz 2004. ISBN 83-921725-0-7
  • (Polish) Jerzy Derenda red.: Piękna stara Bydgoszcz. Tom I z serii: Bydgoszcz miasto na Kujawach. Towarzystwo Miłośników Miasta Bydgoszczy. Bydgoszcz 2006. ISBN 83-916178-0-7, 978-83-916178-0-9, 83-916178-5-8, 978-83-916178-5-4, 83-916178-1-5, 978-83-916178-1-6
  • (Polish) Iwona Jastrzębska-Puzowska: Od miasteczka do metropolii. Rozwój architektoniczny i urbanistyczny Bydgoszczy w latach 1850-1920. Wydawnictwo MADO. Toruń 2005. ISBN 83-89886-38-3, 978-83-89886-38-5
  • (Polish) Janusz Umiński: Bydgoszcz. Przewodnik, Regionalny Oddział PTTK „Szlak Brdy” Bydgoszcz 1996
  • (Polish) Błażejewski Stanisław, Kutta Janusz, Romaniuk Marek: Bydgoski Słownik Biograficzny. Tom I. Bydgoszcz 1994

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Antoni Czachorowski red.: Atlas historyczny miast polskich. Tom II Kujawy. Zeszyt I Bydgoszcz. Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika. Toruń 1997
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Fundacja „Rozwój ATR”. Generalny pomiar cech ruchu drogowego na sieci komunikacyjnej miasta Bydgoszczy, rok 2005/2006, Bydgoszcz wrzesień 2006
  10. ↑ [1]
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 zabytek|kujawsko-pomorskie|issued=01.03.2014
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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