Tibolone
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Systematic (IUPAC) name |
17-Hydroxy-7α-methyl-19-nor-17α-pregn-5(10)-en-20-yn-3-one
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Clinical data |
AHFS/Drugs.com |
International Drug Names |
Pregnancy
category |
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Legal status |
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Routes of
administration |
oral |
Identifiers |
CAS Number |
5630-53-5 N |
ATC code |
G03CX01 (WHO) |
PubChem |
CID: 444008 |
ChemSpider |
392038 Y |
UNII |
FF9X0205V2 Y |
KEGG |
D01639 Y |
ChEBI |
CHEBI:32223 Y |
ChEMBL |
CHEMBL1558898 N |
Synonyms |
7α-Methylnoretynodrel;
Org OD 14
(7α,17β)-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxy-7-methylestr-5(10)-en-3-one |
Chemical data |
Formula |
C21H28O2 |
Molecular mass |
312.446 g/mol |
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O=C4CCC\1=C(\C[C@H]([C@@H]2[C@@H]/1CC[C@]3([C@H]2CC[C@]3(C#C)O)C)C)C4
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InChI=1S/C21H28O2/c1-4-21(23)10-8-18-19-13(2)11-14-12-15(22)5-6-16(14)17(19)7-9-20(18,21)3/h1,13,17-19,23H,5-12H2,2-3H3/t13-,17-,18+,19-,20+,21+/m1/s1 Y
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Key:WZDGZWOAQTVYBX-XOINTXKNSA-N Y
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NY (what is this?) (verify) |
Tibolone (INN, USAN, BAN) (brand name Livial, Tibofem) is a synthetic steroid drug with estrogenic, progestogenic, and weak androgenic actions which was introduced in 1988 and is used widely in Europe, Asia, Australasia, and, with the exception of the United States (where it is not available), the rest of the world.[1][2][3][4] It is used mainly for treatment of endometriosis,[5] as well as hormone replacement therapy in post-menopausal women. Tibolone has similar or greater efficacy compared to older hormone replacement drugs, but shares a similar side effect profile.[6][7][8] It has also been investigated as a possible treatment for female sexual dysfunction.[9]
Tibolone is a 19-nortestosterone derivative and is related structurally to other 19-nortestosterone progestins.[10][11][12]
Pharmacology
Tibolone possesses a complex pharmacology.[13] Its two major active metabolites, 3α-hydroxytibolone and 3β-hydroxytibolone, act as potent, fully activating agonists of the estrogen receptor (ER), with a high preference for ERα.[13][14][15] Tibolone and its metabolite Δ4-tibolone act as agonists of the progesterone and androgen receptors,[14] while 3α-hydroxytibolone and 3β-hydroxytibolone, conversely, act as antagonists of these receptors.[13] Lastly, tibolone, 3α-hydroxytibolone, and 3β-hydroxytibolone act as antagonists of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, with preference for the mineralocorticoid receptor.[13]
Tibolone has tissue-selective estrogenic effects, with desirable effects in bone, the brain, and the vagina, and lack of undesirable action in the endometrium and breasts.[15] Its tissue selectivity is the result of metabolism, enzyme modulation (e.g., of estrogen sulfatase and estrogen sulfotransferase), and receptor modulation that vary in different target tissues, and differs mechanistically from that of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen, which produce their tissue-selectivity via means of modulation of the ER.[14][15] As such, to distinguish it from SERMs, tibolone has been described as a "selective tissue estrogenic activity regulator" (STEAR),[15] and also as a "selective estrogen enzyme modulator" (SEEM).[16]
Adverse effects
A report in September 2009 from Health and Human Services' Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality suggests that tamoxifen, raloxifene, and tibolone used to treat breast cancer significantly reduce invasive breast cancer in midlife and older women, but also increase the risk of adverse side effects.[17]
See also
References
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Androgens |
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Antiandrogens |
Antagonists |
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Enzyme inhibitors |
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Antigonadotropins |
- Anabolic steroids (e.g., nandrolone, oxandrolone)
- Estrogens (e.g., estradiol)
- GnRH agonists (e.g., leuprorelin)
- GnRH antagonists (e.g., cetrorelix)
- Progestogens (incl. allylestrenol, chlormadinone acetate, cyproterone acetate, delmadinone acetate, dydrogesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, nomegestrol acetate, norethisterone acetate, progesterone, spironolactone)
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Description |
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Disease |
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Treatment |
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Estrogens |
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Antiestrogens |
SERMs / antagonists |
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Aromatase inhibitors |
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Antigonadotropins |
- Androgens/anabolic steroids (e.g., testosterone, nandrolone, oxandrolone)
- GnRH agonists (e.g., leuprorelin)
- GnRH antagonists (e.g., cetrorelix)
- Progestogens (incl. allylestrenol, chlormadinone acetate, cyproterone acetate, delmadinone acetate, dydrogesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, nomegestrol acetate, norethisterone acetate, progesterone, spironolactone)
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Description |
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Disease |
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Treatment |
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Receptor
(ligands) |
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Enzyme |
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Others |
Precursors/prohormones
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Indirect
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- Antigonadotropins (e.g., estrogens, progestogens, prolactin)
- GnRH agonists (e,g, GnRH, leuprorelin)
- GnRH antagonists (e.g., cetrorelix)
- Gonadotropins (e.g., FSH, hCG, LH)
- Kisspeptin
- Plasma proteins (ABP, albumin, SHBG)
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Receptor
(ligands) |
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Agonists
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- (R)-DPN
- (S)-DPN
- (R,R)-THC
- (S,S)-THC
- 2,8-DHHHC
- 3α-Androstanediol
- 3β-Androstanediol
- 3α-Hydroxytibolone
- 3β-Hydroxytibolone
- 7-Oxo-DHEA
- 7α-Hydroxy-DHEA
- 7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
- 8β-VE2
- 16α-Hydroxy-DHEA
- 16α-Hydroxyestrone
- 16α-IE2
- 16α-LE2 (Cpd1471)
- Δ4-Androstenedione
- Δ5-Androstenediol
- 17α-Estradiol (alfatradiol)
- 17β-Estradiol (estradiol)
- Alestramustine
- Almestrone
- Anabolic steroids (prodrugs; e.g., testosterone, metandienone (methandrostenolone), others)
- Anethole
- Anol
- Atrimustine
- Benzestrol
- Bifluranol
- Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid
- Cadmium
- Carbestrol
- Chalconoids (e.g., isoliquiritigenin, phloretin, phlorizin (phloridzin), wedelolactone)
- Cloxestradiol
- Conjugated equine estrogens (e.g., sodium equilin sulfate, sodium equilenin sulfate)
- Coumestans (e.g., coumestrol, psoralidin)
- DHEA
- DHEA-S
- Deoxymiroestrol
- Dianethole
- Dianol
- Diarylpropionitrile
- Dieldrin
- Dienestrol
- Dienestrol acetate
- Diethylstilbestrol
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- Doisynolic acid
- DY-131 (GSK-9089)
- Endosulfan
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- ERB-196 (WAY-202196)
- Esterified estrogens (e.g., estrone sulfate, equilin sulfate, equilenin sulfate)
- Estetrol
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- Estradiol cypionate
- Estradiol dienanthate
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- Estradiol diundecylate
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- Estradiol enanthate
- Estradiol furoate
- Estradiol hemihydrate
- Estradiol hemisuccinate
- Estradiol hexahydrobenzoate
- Estradiol monopropionate
- Estradiol palmitate
- Estradiol pivalate
- Estradiol propoxyphenylpropionate
- Estradiol stearate
- Estradiol succinate
- Estradiol undecylate
- Estradiol valerate
- Estramustine
- Estramustine phosphate
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- Estrone cyanate
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- Estrone tetraacetylglucoside
- Estropipate
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- Etamestrol (eptamestrol)
- Ethinyl estradiol
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- Etynodiol diacetate
- Fenarimol
- Fenestrel
- FERb 033
- Flavonoids (incl. 7,8-DHF, 8-prenylnaringenin, apigenin, baicalein, baicalin, calycosin, catechin, daidzein, daidzin, ECG, EGCG, epicatechin, equol, formononetin, glabrene, glabridin, genistein, genistin, glycitein, kaempferol, liquiritigenin, mirificin, myricetin, naringenin, pinocembrin, prunetin, puerarin, quercetin, tectoridin, tectorigenin)
- Fosfestrol
- Furostilbestrol
- GSK-4716
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- Hexestrol diacetate
- Hexestrol dicaprylate
- Hexestrol diphosphate
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- Hydroxyestrone diacetate
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- Lignans (e.g., enterodiol, enterolactone)
- Mestranol
- Metalloestrogens (e.g., cadmium)
- Methallenestril
- Methestrol
- Methestrol dipropionate
- Methiocarb
- Methylestradiol
- Miroestrol
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- Nilestriol
- Noretynodrel
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- Quadrosilan
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- SKF-82,958
- Stilbenoids (e.g., resveratrol)
- Synthetic xenoestrogens (e.g., alkylphenols, bisphenols (e.g., BPA, BPF, BPS), DDT, parabens, PBBs, PHBA, phthalates, PCBs)
- WAY-166818
- WAY-200070
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Antagonists
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Enzyme |
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Others |
Precursors
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Indirect
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- Antigonadotropins (e.g., androgens, estrogens, progestogens, prolactin)
- Calcitriol (vitamin D)
- GnRH agonists (e,g, GnRH, leuprorelin)
- GnRH antagonists (e.g., cetrorelix)
- Gonadotropins (e.g., FSH, hCG, LH)
- Kisspeptin
- Plasma proteins (ABP, albumin, SHBG)
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Receptor
(ligands) |
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Enzyme |
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Others |
Precursors/prohormones
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Indirect
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- Antigonadotropins (e.g., estrogens, progestogens, prolactin)
- GnRH agonists (e,g, GnRH, leuprorelin)
- GnRH antagonists (e.g., cetrorelix)
- Gonadotropins (e.g., FSH, hCG, LH)
- Kisspeptin
- Plasma proteins (ABP, albumin, SHBG)
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