Amoxapine

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Amoxapine
Amoxapine.svg
Amoxapine ball-and-stick model.png
Systematic (IUPAC) name
2-chloro-11-(piperazin-1-yl)dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepine
Clinical data
Trade names Asendin, Asendis, Defanyl, Demolox
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
MedlinePlus a682202
Licence data US FDA:link
Pregnancy
category
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Legal status
Routes of
administration		 Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability >60%[1]
Protein binding 90%[2]
Metabolism Hepatic (cytochrome P450 system)[1]
Biological half-life 8–10 hours (30 hours for chief active metabolite)[2]
Excretion Renal (60%), faeces (18%)[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number 14028-44-5 YesY
ATC code N06AA17 (WHO)
PubChem CID: 2170
IUPHAR/BPS 201
DrugBank DB00543 YesY
ChemSpider 2085 YesY
UNII R63VQ857OT YesY
KEGG D00228 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:2675 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL1113 YesY
Chemical data
Formula C17H16ClN3O
Molecular mass 313.781 g/mol
  • Clc2ccc1Oc4c(/N=C(\c1c2)N3CCNCC3)cccc4
  • InChI=1S/C17H16ClN3O/c18-12-5-6-15-13(11-12)17(21-9-7-19-8-10-21)20-14-3-1-2-4-16(14)22-15/h1-6,11,19H,7-10H2 YesY
  • Key:QWGDMFLQWFTERH-UHFFFAOYSA-N YesY
  (verify)

Amoxapine (pronounced: a-mox-a-peen.[3] Notable brand names include: Asendin, Asendis, Defanyl, Demolox. See here for more brand name information) is a tetracyclic antidepressant of the dibenzoxazepine family, though it is often classified as a secondary amine tricyclic antidepressant. It is the N-demethylated metabolite of loxapine. It first received marketing approval in the US in 1992 (approximately thirty to forty years after most of the other tricyclic antidepressants were introduced in the US).[3]

Medical uses

Amoxapine is used in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Compared to other antidepressants it is believed to have a faster onset of action, with therapeutic effects seen within four to seven days.[4][5] In excess of 80% of patients that do respond to amoxapine are reported to respond within a fortnight of the beginning of treatment.[6] It also has properties similar to those of the atypical antipsychotics,[7][8][9] and may behave as one[10][11] and may be used in the treatment of schizophrenia off-label. Despite its apparent lack of extrapyramidal side effects in patients with schizophrenia it has been found to exacerbate motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease psychosis.[12]

Adverse effects

Adverse effects by incidence:[1][13]
Note: Serious (that is, those that can either result in permanent injury or are irreversible or are potentially life-threatening) are written in bold text.
Very common (>10% incidence) adverse effects include:

  • Constipation
  • Dry mouth
  • Sedation

Common (1-10% incidence) adverse effects include:

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  • Anxiety
  • Ataxia
  • Blurred vision
  • Confusion
  • Dizziness
  • Headache
  • Fatigue
  • Nausea
  • Nervousness/restlessness
  • Excessive appetite
  • Rash
  • Increased perspiration (sweating)
  • Tremor
  • Palpitations
  • Nightmares
  • Excitement
  • Weakness
  • ECG changes
  • Oedema. An abnormal accumulation of fluids in the tissues of the body leading to swelling.
  • Prolactin levels increased. Prolactin is a hormone that regulates the generation of breast milk. Prolactin elevation is not as significant as with risperidone or haloperidol.

Uncommon/Rare (<1% incidence) adverse effects include:

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  • Diarrhoea
  • Flatulence
  • Hypertension (high blood pressure)
  • Hypotension (low blood pressure)
  • Syncope (fainting)
  • Tachycardia (high heart rate)
  • Menstrual irregularity
  • Disturbance of accommodation
  • Mydriasis (pupil dilation)
  • Orthostatic hypotension (a drop in blood pressure that occurs upon standing up)
  • Seizure
  • Urinary retention (being unable to pass urine)
  • Urticaria (hives)
  • Vomiting
  • Nasal congestion
  • Photosensitization
  • Hypomania (a dangerously elated/irritable mood)
  • Tingling
  • Paresthesias of the extremities
  • Tinnitus
  • Disorientation
  • Numbness
  • Incoordination
  • Disturbed concentration
  • Epigastric distress
  • Peculiar taste in the mouth
  • Increased or decreased libido
  • Impotence (difficulty achieving an erection)
  • Painful ejaculation
  • Lacrimation (crying without an emotional cause)
  • Weight gain
  • Altered liver function
  • Breast enlargement
  • Drug fever
  • Pruritus (itchiness)
  • Vasculitis a disorder where blood vessels are destroyed by inflammation. Can be life-threatening if it affects the right blood vessels.
  • Galactorrhoea (lactation that is not associated with pregnancy or breast feeding)
  • Delayed micturition (that is, delays in urination from when a conscious effort to urinate is made)
  • Hyperthermia (elevation of body temperature; its seriousness depends on the extent of the hyperthermia)
  • Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) this is basically when the body's level of the hormone, antidiuretic hormone, which regulates the conservation of water and the restriction of blood vessels, is elevated. This is potentially fatal as it can cause electrolyte abnormalities including hyponatraemia (low blood sodium), hypokalaemia (low blood potassium) and hypocalcaemia (low blood calcium) which can be life-threatening.
  • Agranulocytosis a drop in white blood cell counts. The white blood cells are the cells of the immune system that fight off foreign invaders. Hence agranulocytosis leaves an individual open to life-threatening infections.
  • Leukopaenia the same as agranulocytosis but less severe.
  • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (a potentially fatal reaction to antidopaminergic agents, most often antipsychotics. It is characterised by hyperthermia, diarrhoea, tachycardia, mental status changes [e.g. confusion], rigidity, extrapyramidal side effects)
  • Tardive dyskinesia a most often irreversible neurologic reaction to antidopaminergic treatment, characterised by involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue, lips, and other muscles. It develops most often only after prolonged (months, years or even decades) exposure to antidopaminergics.
  • Extrapyramidal side effects. Motor symptoms such as tremor, parkinsonism, involuntary movements, reduced ability to move one's voluntary muscles, etc.

Unknown incidence or relationship to drug treatment adverse effects include:

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  • Thrombocytopenia a significant drop in platelet count that leaves one open to life-threatening bleeds.
  • Eosinophilia an elevated level of the eosinophils of the body. Eosinophils are the type of immune cell that's job is to fight off parasitic invaders.
  • Jaundice yellowing of the skin, eyes and mucous membranes due to an impaired ability of the body to clear the by product of haem breakdown, bilirubin, most often the result of liver damage as it is the liver's responsibility to clear bilirubin.

It tends to produce less anticholinergic effects, sedation and weight gain than some of the earlier tricyclic antidepressants (e.g. amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine and trimipramine).[14] It may also be less cardiotoxic than its predecessors.[15]

Contraindications

As with all FDA-approved antidepressants it carries a black-box warning about the potential of an increase in suicidal thoughts or behaviour in children, adolescents and young adults under the age of 25.[1] Its use is also advised against in individuals with known hypersensitivities to either amoxapine or other ingredients in its oral formulations.[1] Its use is also recommended against in the following disease states:[1]

  • Severe cardiovascular disorders (potential of cardiotoxic adverse effects such as QT interval prolongation)
  • Uncorrected narrow angle glaucoma
  • Acute recovery post-myocardial infarction

Its use is also advised against in individuals concurrently on monoamine oxidase inhibitors or if they have been on one in the past 14 days and in individuals on drugs that are known to prolong the QT interval (e.g. ondansetron, citalopram, pimozide, sertindole, ziprasidone, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, thioridazine, etc.).[1]

Lactation

Its use in breastfeeding mothers not recommended as it is excreted in breast milk and the concentration found in breast milk is approximately a quarter that of the maternal serum level.[4][16]

Overdose

It is considered particularly toxic in overdose,[17] with a high rate of renal failure (which usually takes 2–5 days), rhabdomyolysis, coma, seizures and even status epilepticus.[15] Some believe it to be less cardiotoxic than other tricyclic antidepressants in overdose, although reports of cardiotoxic overdoses have been made.[4][13]

Pharmacodynamics

Amoxapine possesses a wide array of pharmacological effects. It is a moderate and strong reuptake inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine, respectively,[18] and binds to the 5-HT2A,[19] 5-HT2B,[20] 5-HT2C,[19] 5-HT3,[21] 5-HT6,[22] 5-HT7,[22] D2,[23] α1-adrenergic,[23] D3,[24] D4,[24] and H1 receptors[23] with varying but significant affinity, where it acts as an antagonist (or inverse agonist depending on the receptor in question) at all sites. It has weak but negligible affinity for the dopamine transporter and the 5-HT1A,[21] 5-HT1B,[21] D1,[25] α2-adrenergic,[23] H4,[26] mACh,[23] and GABAA receptors,[25] and no affinity for the β-adrenergic receptors or the allosteric benzodiazepine site on the GABAA receptor.[25] Amoxapine is also a weak GlyT2 blocker,[27] as well as a weak (Ki = 2.5 μM, EC50 = 0.98 μM) δ-opioid receptor partial agonist.[28]

7-Hydroxyamoxapine, a major active metabolite of amoxapine, is a more potent dopamine receptor antagonist and contributes to its neuroleptic efficacy,[7] whereas 8-hydroxyamoxapine is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor but a stronger serotonin reuptake inhibitor and helps to balance amoxapine's ratio of serotonin to norepinephrine transporter blockade.[29]

The data in the following table from obtained from the PDSP Ki database.[30][31]

Molecular Target Binding Affinity (Ki [nM]) Source
5-HT2A 0.5 Human, Cloned
5-HT2C 2 Rat, Cloned
5-HT6 50 Human, Cloned
5-HT7 40.2 Rat, Cloned
D2 20.8 Human, Cloned
D3 21 Human, Cloned
D4 21 Human, Cloned
H1 25 Human, Cloned
α1 50 Human, Cloned
mAChRs 1000 Human, Cloned
DAT 4310 Human, Cloned
NET 16 Human, Cloned
SERT 58 Human, Cloned

Pharmacokinetics

Amoxapine is metabolised into two main active metabolites: 7-hydroxyamoxapine and 8-hydroxyamoxapine.[32]

Amoxapine
7-hydroxyamoxapine
8-hydroxyamoxapine
Compound[32][33][34] t1/2 (hr)[35] tmax (hr) CSS (ng/mL) Protein binding[1] Vd[1] Excretion[1]
Amoxapine 8 1-2 17-93 ng/mL (divided dosing), 13-209 ng/mL (single daily dosing) 90% 0.9-1.2 L/kg Urine (60%), faeces (18%)
8-hydroxyamoxapine 30 5.3 (single dosing) 158-512 ng/mL (divided dosing), 143-593 ng/mL (single dose)  ?  ?  ?
7-hydroxyamoxapine 6.5 2.6-5.4 (single dosing)  ?  ?  ?  ?

Where:
- t1/2 is the elimination half life of the compound.
- tmax is the time to peak plasma levels after oral administration of amoxapine.
- CSS is the steady state plasma concentration.
- protein binding is the extent of plasma protein binding.
- Vd is the volume of distribution of the compound.

Brand names

Brand names for amoxapine include (where † denotes discontinued brands):[4][36]

  • Adisen (KR)
  • Amolife (IN)
  • Amoxan (JP)
  • Amoxapine (only generic formulations are available in the US at this point in time[3])
  • Asendin† (previously marketed in CA, NZ, US)
  • Asendis† (previously marketed in IE, UK)
  • Défanyl (FR)
  • Demolox (DK†, IN, ES†)
  • Oxamine (IN)
  • Oxcap (IN)

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Product Information: Asendin(R), amoxapine tablets. Physicians' Desk Reference (electronic version), MICROMEDEX, Inc, Englewood, CO, USA, 1999.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ National Institute of Mental Health. PDSD Ki Database (Internet) [cited 2013 Aug 3]. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina. 1998-2013. Available from:http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php
  31. ↑ Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollman B. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Twelfth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional; 2010.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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