List of government space agencies
This is a list of government agencies engaged in activities related to outer space and space exploration.
As of 2015, 70 different government space agencies are in existence; 13 of those have launch capability. Six government space agencies - the China National Space Administration (CNSA), the European Space Agency (ESA), the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), NASA and the RFSA (Roscosmos) - have full launch capabilities; these include the ability to launch and recover multiple satellites, deploy cryogenic rocket engines and operate extraterrestrial probes. Only three currently operating government space agencies in the world - NASA, the RFSA and the CNSA - are capable of human spaceflight.
The name given is the English version, with the native language version below. The acronym given is the most common acronym: this can either be the acronym of the English version (e.g. JAXA), or the acronym in the native language. Where there are multiple acronyms in common use, the English one is given first.
The date of the founding of the space agency is the date of first operations where possible. If the space agency is no longer running, then the date when it was terminated (i.e. the last day of operations) is given. A link to the Agency's primary website is also given.
Contents
- 1 Capabilities of the space agencies
- 2 List of space agencies with launch capability
- 3 List of space agencies with human spaceflight capability
- 4 List of space agencies with lunar soft-landing capability
- 5 Expected and proposed future space agencies
- 6 Budgets
- 7 World maps
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 External links
Capabilities of the space agencies
- Color legend
The capabilities of the space agencies are color-coded as follows:
Space agency | Country | Founded | Terminated | Capabilities of the space agency | Ref(s) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Initialisms/Acronym | Astronauts | Operates Satellites | Sounding Rockets capable | Recoverable Biological Sounding Rockets capable | ||||
Belarus Space Agency | ![]() |
2010 | — | No | No | Yes | No | [1] | |
Spanish: Asociación Centroamericana de Aeronáutica y el Espacio (Central American Association for Aeronautics and Space) |
ACAE | ![]() |
2010 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [2] |
Aeronautics and Space Research and Diffusion Center[citation needed] (Spanish: Centro de Investigación y Difusión Aeronáutico-Espacial) |
CIDA-E | ![]() |
5 August 1975 | — | No | No | No | No | — |
Mexican Space Agency (Spanish: Agencia Espacial Mexicana) |
AEM | ![]() |
30 July 2010 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | — |
Algerian Space Agency French: Agence Spatiale Algérienne Berber: Tafullut Tadzayrit n Tallunt Arabic: الوكالة الفضائية الجزائرية |
ASAL | ![]() |
16 January 2002 | — | No | Yes | No | No | — |
Asia Pacific Multilateral Cooperation in Space Technology and Applications[citation needed] (Chinese: 亚太空间技术应用多边合作会议) |
AP-MCSTA | February 1992 | — | No | Yes | No | No | — | |
Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (Japanese: アジア太平洋地域宇宙機関会議) |
APRSAF | 1993 | — | No | Yes | No | No | — | |
Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (Chinese: 亚太空间合作组织) |
APSCO | 28 October 2005 | — | No | Yes | No | No | — | |
German: Agentur für Luft- und Raumfahrt (Aeronautics and Space Agency); also Austrian Space Agency; (Austrian Solar and Space Agency 1977–1987) |
ALR | ![]() |
12 July 1972 | — | No | No | No | No | [3][4] |
Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Milli Aerokosmik Agentliyinin (Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency)( Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency 1974–2013 AzerCosmos[5]) |
AMAKA | ![]() |
21 February 1974 | — | No | Yes | No | No | — |
Bahrain’s National Space Science Agency (NSSA) |
NSSA | ![]() |
9 April 2014 | — | No | No | No | No | [6] |
Dutch: Belgisch Instituut voor Ruimte-Aëronomie French: Institut d’Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy) |
BIRA IASB BISA |
![]() |
25 November 1964 | — | Yes | No | No | No | [7] |
Spanish: Agencia Bolivariana para Actividades Espaciales (Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities) |
ABAE | ![]() |
1 January 2008 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [8] |
Portuguese: Agência Espacial Brasileira (Brazilian Space Agency) |
AEB | ![]() |
10 February 1994 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes[9] | No | [10] |
UK Space Agency | UKSA | ![]() |
1 April 2010 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [citation needed] |
Bolivian Space Agency[citation needed] |
ABE | ![]() |
2012 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [11][12][13] |
Bulgarian: Българска академия на науките (Space Research Institute, Solar-Terrestrial Influences Institute) Bulgarian Space Agency |
ИКИ-БАН SRI-BAS ИСЗВ-БАН STIL-BAS |
![]() |
1987 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [14] |
Canadian Space Agency French: Agence spatiale canadienne |
CSA ASC |
![]() |
1 March 1989 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [15] |
China National Space Administration (Chinese: 国家航天局) |
CNSA | ![]() |
22 April 1993 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [16] |
Spanish: Comisión Colombiana del Espacio (Colombian Space Commission) |
CCE | ![]() |
18 July 2006 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [17] |
Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing[citation needed] | CRISP | ![]() |
1995 | — | No | Yes | No | No | |
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation | CSIRO | ![]() |
1926 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [18] |
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems | CCSDS |
International
|
1982 | — | No | No | No | No | — |
Committee on Space Research | COSPAR |
International
|
1958 | — | No | No | No | No | [19][20][21] |
Croatian: Hrvatska svemirska agencija (Croatian Space Agency[citation needed]) |
HSA CSA |
![]() |
October 2002 | — | No | No | No | No | [22] |
Czech: Ministerstvo dopravy České republiky (Ministry of Transport of the Czech Republic - Space Technologies and Satellite Systems Department[citation needed][23]) |
[1] Ministry of Transport of the Czech Republic |
![]() |
2003[citation needed] | — | No | No | No | No | [23] |
Danish: Danmarks Rumcenter (Danish National Space Center) |
DRC DNSC |
![]() |
1 January 1968 |
31 December 2006 |
Yes | No | No | No | [citation needed] |
Danish: Dansk Rumforskningsinstitut (Danish Space Research Institute) |
DRKI DSRI |
![]() |
1 January 2005 |
31 December 2006 |
No | Yes | No | No | [citation needed] |
Danish: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet – Institut for Rumforskning og -teknologi (Technical University of Denmark – National Space Institute) |
DTU Space | ![]() |
1 January 2006 |
— | Yes | Yes | No | No | [24] |
European Space Agency (French: Agence spatiale européenne) (German: Europäische Weltraumorganisation) |
ESA ASE EWO |
31 May 1975 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [25][26] | |
Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (Thai: สำนักงานพัฒนาเทคโนโลยีอวกาศและภูมิสารสนเทศ) |
GISTDA สทอภ |
![]() |
3 November 2002 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [27] |
German: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Aerospace Center) |
DLR | ![]() |
1969 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [28] |
Hungarian: Magyar Űrkutatási Iroda (Hungarian Space Office) |
MŰI HSO |
![]() |
January 1992 | — | No | Yes | No | No | |
Indian Space Research Organization (Hindi: भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन) |
ISRO इसरो |
![]() |
15 August 1969 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [29] |
Greek: Ινστιτούτο Διαστημικών Εφαρμογών και Τηλεπισκόπησης (Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing) |
ΙΔΕΤ ISARS |
![]() |
1955 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [citation needed] |
Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial | INTA | ![]() |
1942 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [30][31][32] |
Iranian Space Agency (Persian: سازمان فضایی ایران) |
ISA | ![]() |
2003 | — | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | [33][34][35] |
Israeli Space Agency (Hebrew: סוכנות החלל הישראלית) |
ISA סל"ה |
![]() |
April 1983 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [citation needed] |
Italian Space Agency (Italian: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana ) |
ASI | ![]() |
1988 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [36][37] |
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Japanese: 宇宙航空研究開発機構) |
JAXA | ![]() |
1 October 2003 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [38] |
National Space Agency (KazCosmos); Kazakh Space Research Institute |
NSA (KazCosmos); SRI |
![]() |
1991 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | — |
Korean Committee of Space Technology (Korean: 조선우주공간기술위원회) |
KCST | ![]() |
1980s | 2013 | No | Yes | Yes | No | [39][40][41] |
National Aerospace Development Administration (Korean: 국가우주개발국) |
NADA | ![]() |
2013 | — | No | Yes | Yes | No | [42] |
Korea Aerospace Research Institute (Korean: 한국항공우주연구원) |
KARI | ![]() |
10 October 1989 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [citation needed] |
Lithuanian Space Association[citation needed] | LSA | ![]() |
2007 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [43] |
Malaysian National Space Agency (Malay: Agensi Angkasa Negara) |
ANGKASA | ![]() |
2002 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [44] |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration | NASA | ![]() |
1 October 1958 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [45] |
National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (Arabic: الهيئة العامة للاستشعار عن بعد وعلوم الفضاء ) |
NARSS | ![]() |
1994 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [46] |
French: Centre National d’Études Spatiales (National Center of Space Research) |
CNES | ![]() |
19 December 1961 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [47] |
Spanish: Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacial (National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development)[citation needed] |
CONIDA | ![]() |
11 June 1974 | — | No | No | Yes | No | — |
Spanish: Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales (National Commission for Space Research) |
CNIE | ![]() |
1961 | 1991 | No | No | Yes | Yes | [48][49] |
Spanish: Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (National Space Activities Commission) |
CONAE | ![]() |
28 May 1991 | — | No | Yes | Yes | No | [48] |
Indonesian: Lembaga Antariksa dan Penerbangan Nasional (National Institute of Aeronautics and Space) |
LAPAN | ![]() |
27 November 1964 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [citation needed] |
National Remote Sensing Center of Mongolia[citation needed] | NRSC | ![]() |
1987 | — | No | No | No | No | [50] |
French: Centre national de la cartographie et de la télédétection (Arabic: المركز الوطني للإستشعار عن بعد) (National Remote Sensing Center of Tunisia)[citation needed] |
CNT | ![]() |
1988 | — | No | No | No | No | — |
Uzbek State Space Research Agency (UzbekCosmos) | USSRA (UzbekCosmos) | ![]() |
2001 | — | No | No | No | No | [2] [51] |
Ukrainian: Національне космічне агентство України (National Space Agency of Ukraine) |
НКАУ NSAU |
![]() |
2 March 1992 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [3] |
National Space Organization (Chinese: 國家太空中心) |
NSPO | ![]() |
October 1991 | — | No | Yes | Yes | No | [52] |
National Space Research and Development Agency | NASRDA | ![]() |
1998 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [citation needed] |
Dutch: Stichting Ruimteonderzoek Nederland (Netherlands Institute for Space Research) |
SRON | ![]() |
1983 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [citation needed] |
Norwegian: Norsk Romsenter (Norwegian Space Centre) |
NRS NSC |
![]() |
1987 | — | No | Yes | Yes | No | [53] |
Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (Urdu: پاکستان خلائی و بالا فضائی تحقیقاتی کمیشن) |
SUPARCO سپارکو |
![]() |
16 September 1961 | — | No | Yes | Yes | No | [citation needed] |
Portuguese: Gabinete do Espaço da FCT (FCT Space Office)[citation needed] |
[54] FCT SO |
![]() |
2009 | — | No | No | No | No | — |
Romanian: Agenţia Spaţială Română (Romanian Space Agency) |
ASR ROSA |
![]() |
1991 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [citation needed] |
former Egypt Remote Sensing Center | EASRT-RSC | ![]() |
1971 | 1994 | No | No | No | No | [46] |
French: Centre Royal de Télédétection Spatiale Berber: Ammas Amrrukan n Tallunt (Arabic: المركز الملكي للإستشعار البعدي الفضائي) (Royal Centre for Remote Sensing)[citation needed] |
CRTS | ![]() |
December 1989 | — | No | No | No | No | — |
Russian: Федеральное космическое агентство (Russian Federal Space Agency) |
ROSCOSMOS | ![]() |
c.1992 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [citation needed] |
Sri Lanka Space Agency[citation needed] | SLSA | ![]() |
2010 (Proposed)[needs update] | — | No | Yes | No | No | [55] |
Turkish: TÜBİTAK Uzay Teknolojileri Araştırma Enstitüsü (TÜBİTAK UZAY) (TUBITAK Space Technologies Research Institute) |
TÜBİTAK UZAY | ![]() |
1985 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | — |
Russian: Советская космическая программа (Soviet space program) |
СССР | ![]() |
ca. 1955 | ca. 1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [citation needed] |
Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization | SPARRSO | ![]() |
1980 | — | No | No | No | No | [56] |
Polish: Polska Agencja Kosmiczna POLSA (Polish Space Agency) |
POLSA POLSA |
![]() |
2014 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [citation needed] |
South African National Space Agency | SANSA | ![]() |
9 December 2010 | — | No | No | No | No | [57] |
Space Research Institute of Saudi Arabia[citation needed] (Arabic: معهد بحوث الفضاء ) |
KACST-SRI | ![]() |
— | — | No | Yes | No | No | — |
Vietnamese: Viện Công nghệ vũ trụ Việt Nam (Space Technology Institute (Vietnam)) |
CNVT or STI VAST-STI |
![]() |
20 November 2006 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [58] |
Swedish: Rymdstyrelsen (Swedish National Space Board) |
SNSB | ![]() |
1972 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [citation needed] |
Swiss Space Office | SSO | ![]() |
— | — | No | No | No | No | [citation needed] |
Turkmenistan National Space Agency | ![]() |
2011 | — | No | No | No | No | [59] | |
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs | UNOOSA | ![]() |
13 December 1958 | — | — | — | — | — | [60] |
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space | UNCOPUOS |
|
12 December 1959 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
List of space agencies with launch capability
Space agency | Country | Founded | Terminated | Capabilities of the space agency | Ref(s) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Acronym | Launch capable | Multiple Satellites Launch capable | Developed & Deployed Cryogenic Rocket Engines | Operates Extraterrestrial Probe | Recoverable Satellites capable | ||||
China National Space Administration (Chinese: 中华人民共和国国家航天局) |
CNSA | ![]() |
22 April 1993 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [16] |
European Space Agency (French: Agence spatiale européenne) (German: Europäische Weltraumorganisation) |
ESA ASE EWO |
31 May 1975 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [25][26] | |
Iranian Space Agency (Persian: سازمان فضایی ایران) |
ISA ISA |
![]() |
2003 | — | Yes | No | No | No | No | |
Israeli Space Agency (Hebrew: סוכנות החלל הישראלית) (Arabic: وكالة الفضاء الإسرائيلية) |
ISA סל"ה |
![]() |
April 1983 | — | Yes | No | No | No | No | [citation needed] |
Italian Space Agency (Italian: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana ) |
ASI | ![]() |
1988 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | [61] |
Korean Committee of Space Technology (Korean: 조선우주공간기술위원회) (Hanja: 朝鮮宇宙空間技術委員會) |
KCST | ![]() |
1980s | — | Yes | No | No | No | No | [citation needed] |
Korea Aerospace Research Institute (Korean: 한국항공우주연구원) (Hanja: 韓國航空宇宙硏究院) |
KARI 항우연 |
![]() |
October 1989 | — | Yes | No | No | No | No | [citation needed] |
Indian Space Research Organization (Hindi: भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन) |
ISRO इसरो |
![]() |
15 August 1969 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [62] |
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Japanese: 宇宙航空研究開発機構) |
JAXA | ![]() |
1 October 2003 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [38] |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration | NASA | ![]() |
1 October 1958 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [45] |
French: Centre National d’Études Spatiales (National Center of Space Research) |
CNES | ![]() |
19 December 1961 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | [47] |
Ukrainian: Національне космічне агентство України (National Space Agency of Ukraine) |
НКАУ NSAU |
![]() |
2 March 1992 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | [citation needed] |
Russian: Федеральное космическое агентство (Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos)) |
ROSCOSMOS RFSA |
![]() |
ca. 1992 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [citation needed] |
Russian: Советская космическая программа (Soviet space program) |
СССР | ![]() |
ca. 1955 | ca. 1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [citation needed] |
List of space agencies with human spaceflight capability
Space agency | Country | Founded | Terminated | Accomplished tasks by the Space Agency | Ref(s) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Acronym | Manned Spaceflight capable | Manned Space launch capable | Spacewalk capable | Space Rendezvous and Docking capable | Operates Space Station | ||||
China National Space Administration (Chinese: 中华人民共和国国家航天局) |
CNSA | ![]() |
22 April 1993 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [16][63] |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration | NASA | ![]() |
1 October 1958 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [45] |
Russian: Федеральное космическое агентство (Russian Federal Space Agency) |
ROSCOSMOS RFSA |
![]() |
ca. 1992 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [64] |
Russian: Советская космическая программа (Soviet space program) |
СССР | ![]() |
ca. 1955 | ca. 1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [64] |
List of space agencies with lunar soft-landing capability
Space agency | Country | Founded | Terminated | Accomplished tasks by the Space Agency | Ref(s) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Acronym | Circumlunar Manned Spaceflight | Unmanned Moon Soft Landing | Unmanned (automated) lunar rover operation | Automated Lunar sample return mission | Manned Moon Landing and sample return | ||||
China National Space Administration (Chinese: 中华人民共和国国家航天局) |
CNSA | ![]() |
22 April 1993 | — | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration | NASA | ![]() |
1 October 1958 | — | Yes | Yes | No[65] | No[66] | Yes | [45] |
Russian: Советская космическая программа (Soviet space program) |
СССР | ![]() |
ca. 1955 | ca. 1991 | No | Yes | Yes[67] | Yes[68][69] | No | [70] |
Expected and proposed future space agencies
Space agency | Country | Possible expected date of foundation | Current status | Ref(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Acronym | ||||
Pan-Arab Space Agency |
PASA | ![]() |
— | At proposal stage | [71] |
African Space Agency | AfriSpace | African Union | — | At proposal stage | [72][73][74][75] |
South American Space Agency | South America | — | At proposal stage | [76] | |
Philippine Space Agency | PSA | ![]() |
At proposal stage | [77] | |
Sri Lanka Aeronautics and Space Agency | SLASA | ![]() |
Immediate goal is to construct and launch two satellites. Sri Lankan Telecommunications Regulatory Commission has signed an agreement with Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd to get relevant help and resources. | [78][79] |
Budgets
The annual budgets listed are the official budgets for national space agencies available in public domain. The budgets are not normalized to the expenses of space research in different countries, i.e. higher budget does not necessarily mean more activity or better performance in space exploration.[80][81] Note also that budget could be used for different projects: e.g. GPS is maintained from the US defence budget, whereas ESA's money is used for developing the European Galileo positioning system. The data for authoritarian countries are unreliable. For European contributors to ESA, the national budgets shown are separate from their contributions to ESA.
Agency (country/region) | Budget (in millions of US $) |
---|---|
NASA (USA) |
18,500
|
Roscosmos (Russia) |
5,600
|
ESA (Europe) |
5,510
|
CNES (France) |
2,500
|
JAXA (Japan) |
2,460
|
DLR (Germany) |
2,000
|
ASI (Italy) |
1,800
|
CNSA (China) |
1,780
|
ISRO (India) |
1,200
|
CSA (Canada) |
488.7
|
UKSA (UK) |
414
|
KARI (South Korea) |
366
|
SSAU (Ukraine) |
250
|
CoNAE (Argentina) |
180
|
ISA and ISRC (Iran) |
139
|
INTA (Spain) |
135
|
NSO (Netherlands) |
110
|
SNSB (Sweden) |
100
|
AEB (Brazil) |
100
|
SUPARCO (Pakistan) |
82
|
SANSA (South Africa) |
11.8
|
SSO (Switzerland) |
10
|
AEM (Mexico) |
8.34
|
World maps
-
Countries capable of Manned Space Flight
-
Countries with Extraterrestrial Probes
-
Space Launch capable countries
-
Countries with Sounding Rockets
-
Satellite operating countries
-
Countries with Astronauts
See also
References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Brazil's Atlantic Spaceports SpaceToday. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Space research in Bulgaria is coordinated by the Inter-Department Commission for Space Research (Bulgarian: Междуведомствена комисия по космически изследвания) which is composed of the deputy ministers of several ministries and representatives of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ No current Space Agency. Senate inquiry has called for formation of one. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Committee headquartered in France, within the International Council for Science (ICSU).
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ El astronauta español de la ESA vuelve al espacio (Spanish)
- ↑ Programas de Alta Tecnología de Nanosatélites, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
- ↑ Sounding Rocket Station El Arenosillo
- ↑ Iran Test-fires Rocket Carrying Experimental Biological Capsule
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ ASI official site Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ ASI official site Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ N. Korea's launch causes worries about nukes, Iran and the Pacific
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Previously named National Space Program Organisation, until 1 April 2005 – Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ ASI official missions history Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Boeing LRV Systems Engineering, Lunar Rover Operations Handbook, Doc. LS006-002-2H, Huntsville, Alabama, 19 April 1971.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Burrows William E. This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age.1999.Modern Library. 432 p. ISBN=0-375-75485-7.
- ↑ Soviet landers Luna 20, 23, and 24, plus the tracks of Lunokhod 2 Retrieved 12 August 2010
- ↑ Christy R. "Zarya: Soviet, Russian and International Space Flight." Scarborough, UK. Retrieved on 22 January 2012.
- ↑ Burrows William E.This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age.1999.Modern Library.432 p.ISBN=0-375-75485-7.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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