List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points

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This is a list of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points. Since 1977, Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (abbreviated GSSPs) are internationally agreed upon reference points on stratigraphic sections of rock which define the lower boundaries of stages on the geologic time scale. They are selected by the International Commission on Stratigraphy based on multiple factors, but their accessibility and the degree to which they are representative of the same boundary on sections worldwide are among the most important.

Since GSSPs require well-preserved sections of rock without interruptions in sedimentation, and since most are defined by different stages of animal life, defining them becomes progressively more difficult as one goes further back in time.

Organization of this list

This list is divided first into the geologic eras of the Phanerozoic (the Cenozoic, the Mesozoic, and the Paleozoic) and then into the geologic periods of each era. Each period is marked below the era bar on top of its subdivided epochs and stages. Each stage is assigned an age in mya, an acronym for million years ago, which is the age at which it began. Most of these ages are derived from astronomical cycles in sediments, magnetic data, biostratigraphic data, and radiometric dating methods. The GSSP assigned to each stage is that stage's lower boundary and oldest point.

Ages are given in "million year ago" (mya). They are obtained with different radiometric dating methods depending on the type of rock and its age. Ages that have a tilde (~) prefix are approximate ages for GSSPs that have not been defined or not been accurately dated.

The Status column has a "golden spike" for every GSSP which has been formally agreed by the ICS. Those without have only candidate sections which have not yet been formally ratified. The clock stands for times that are currently defined only by an age.

The "Defining markers" column lists the evidence in the rock used to define the boundary. (Ideally, these are applicable in rock sections worldwide.) Most of the boundaries rely on the fossil record (biologic), paleomagnetic data (magnetic), and/or climate data determined by carbon and oxygen isotopes.

List

Cenozoic

Quaternary

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Holocene		0.0117	NGRIP2 ice core, Greenland	Climatic: End of the Younger Dryas stadial.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[1]
Pleistocene
	Tarantian	0.126	Amsterdam-Terminal borehole, Netherlands	Climatic: Beginning of the Eemian interglacial stage.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[2]
	Ionian	0.781	Candidate sections: Montalbano Jorica or Valle di Manche, Italy Chiba, Japan	Magnetic: Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal.	-	^[3]
	Calabrian	1.80	Vrica Section, Calabria, Italy	Magnetic: Approximately 15 ka after the end of magnetic polarity chronozone C2n (Olduvai). Biologic: Immediately above extinction Discoaster brouweri (Haptophyte). Sedimentologic: Boundary between a sapropelic bed and marine claystones.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[4]
	Gelasian	2.58	Monte San Nicola Section, Gela, Sicily, Italy	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C2r (Matuyama). Biologic: Extinction of Discoaster pentaradiatus and Discoaster surculus (Haptophyte).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[5]

Neogene

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Pliocene
	Piacenzian	3.600	Punta Piccola Section, Porto Empedocle, Sicily, Italy	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C2An (Gauss). Biologic: Extinction of Globorotalia margaritae and Pulleniatina primalis (Planktonic foraminifera).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[6]
	Zanclean	5.333	Heraclea Minoa section Heraclea Minoa, Cattolica Eraclea, Sicily, Italy	Magnetic: Top of magnetic polarity chronozone C3r. Biologic: First appearance of Ceratolithus acutus and near extinction of Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus (Haptophyte).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[7]
Miocene
	Messinian	7.246	Oued Akrech section, Rabat, Morocco	Magnetic: Within magnetic polarity chronozone C3Br.1r. Biologic: First regular occurrence of the Globorotalia miotumida (Planktonic foraminifera). Biologic: First appearance of Amaurolithus delicatus (Haptophyte).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[8]
	Tortonian	11.63	Monte dei Corvi Beach section, Ancona, Italy	Magnetic: Within normal-polarity subchron C5r.2n Biologic: Last Common Occurrence of the Discoaster kugleri (Haptophyte). Biologic: Last Common Occurrence of the Globigerinoides subquadratus (Planktonic foraminifera). Climatic: Oxygen isotope event Mi-5.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[9]
	Serravallian	13.82	Ras il Pellegrin section, Fomm ir-Riħ Bay, Malta	Magnetic: Within magnetic polarity chronozone C5ABr. Biologic: Below first appearance of Sphenolithus heteromorphus (Haptophyte) Climatic: Mi3b isotopic event (Global cooling episode).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[10]
	Langhian	15.97	Candidate sections: La Vedova, Italy St. Peter's Pool, Malta Astronomically tuned Ocean Drilling Program-core	Magnetic: Top of magnetic polarity chronozone C5Cn.1n. Biologic: Near first appearance of Praeorbulina glomerosa (Planktonic foraminifera).	-	^[3]
	Burdigalian	20.44	Candidate sections: Astronomically tuned ODP core (e.g. Ceara Rise, Leg 154)	Near FAD of Globigerinoides altiaperturus (planktonic foraminifer) or near top of magnetic polarity chronozone C6An	-	^[3]
	Aquitanian	23.03	Lemme-Carrosio Section, Carrosio, Italy	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C6Cn.2n. Biologic: Near first appearance of Paragloborotalia kugleri (Planktonic foraminifera).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[11]

Paleogene

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Oligocene
	Chattian	28.1	Candidate section: Monte Cagnero, Central Apennines, Italy	Potentially extinction of planktonic foraminifer Chiloguembelina (Base of Foram Zone P21b); or an isotopic/climatic event	-	-
	Rupelian	33.9	Massignano quarry section, Massignano, Ancona, Italy	Biologic: Extinction of Hantkenina and Cribrohantkenina (Planktonic foraminifera).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[12]
Eocene
	Priabonian	37.8	Alano section, Piave river, Venetian Prealps, Belluno, Italy	Biologic: Near first appearance of Chiasmolithus oamaruensis (Haptophyte).	-	-
	Bartonian	41.2	Contessa highway section Gubbio, Central Apennines, Italy	Biologic: Near Extinction of Reticulofenestra reticulata (Haptophyte)	-	-
	Lutetian	47.8	Gorrondatxe sea-cliff section, Western Pyrenees, Basque Country, Spain	Biologic: First appearance of Hantkenina (Planktonic foraminifera).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[13]
	Ypresian	56.0	Dababiya section, Luxor, Egypt	Climatic: Base of negative Carbon Isotope Excursion (CIE).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[14]^[15]
Paleocene
	Thanetian	59.2	Zumaia Section, Basque Country, Spain	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C26n.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[16]
	Selandian	61.6	Zumaia Section, Basque Country, Spain	Chemical: Onset of sea-level drop and carbon isotope shift. Magnetic: 30 precession cycles after the top of magnetic polarity Chron 27n	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[16]
	Danian	66.0	El Kef Section, El Kef, Tunisia	Iridium enriched layer associated with a major meteorite impact and subsequent extinction event.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[17]

Mesozoic

Cretaceous

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Upper
	Maastrichtian	72.1 ± 0.2	Grande Carrière quarry, Landes, France	Biologic: 12 biostratigraphic criteria Biologic: First appearance of Pachydiscus neubergicus (Ammonite) is just above the boundary.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[18]
	Campanian	83.6 ± 0.2	Candidate sections: Seaford Head, Sussex, England Waxahachie dam spillway, Texas, USA	Biologic: Extinction of Marsupites testudinarius (Crinoid).	-	^[3]
	Santonian	86.3 ± 0.5	Olazagutia, Spain	Biologic: First appearance of Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus (Inoceramid bivalve).	-	^[3]
	Coniacian	89.8 ± 0.3	Candidate sections: Słupia Nadbrzeżna, Poland Pueblo, Colorado, USA Salzgitter-Salder quarry, Germany	Biologic: First appearance of Cremnoceramus rotundatus (Inoceramid bivalve).	-	^[3]
	Turonian	93.9	Rock Canyon, Colorado, USA	Biologic: First appearance of Watinoceras devonense (Ammonite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[19]
	Cenomanian	100.5	Mont Risoux, Hautes-Alpes, France	Biologic: First appearance of Rotalipora globotruncanoides (Planktonic foraminifera)	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[20]
Lower
	Albian	~113.0	Candidate section: France	Candidates: Haptophyte FAD of Praediscosphaera columnata (= P. cretacea of some earlier studies) Carbon-isotope excursion (black-shale episode) Ammonite	-	-
	Aptian	~125.0	Candidate section: Gorgo a Cerbara, Piobbico, Central Apennines, Italy	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone M0r. Biologic: Near first appearance of Paradeshayesites oglanlensis (Ammonite).	-	-
	Barremian	~129.4	Candidate section: Río Argos, Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia Province, Spain	Biologic: First appearance of Spitidiscus hugii or Spitidiscus vandeckii group (Ammonite).	-	-
	Hauterivian	~132.9	Candidate section: La Charce, Drôme, France	Biologic: First appearance of genus Acanthodiscus (Ammonite).	-	-
	Valanginian	~139.8	Candidates sections: Montbrun-les-Bains, Drôme, France Cañada Luenga, Betic Cordillera, Spain	Biologic: First appearance of Calpionellites darderi (Calpionellid). Biologic: First appearance of Thurmanniceras pertransiens (Ammonite).	-	-
	Berriasian	~145.0	-	Candidates: Magnetic—base of Chron M18r Base of Calpionellid zone B

Jurassic

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Upper
	Tithonian	152.1 ± 0.9	Candidate sections: Mt. Crussol, France Canjuers, France Fornazzo, Sicily	Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone M22An. Biologic: Near first appearance of Hybonoticeras hybonotum (Ammonite). Biologic: First appearance of genus Gravesia (Ammonite).	-	-
	Kimmeridgian	157.3 ± 1.0	Candidate section: Flodigarry, Skye, Scotland	Biologic: First appearance of Pictonia baylei (Ammonite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	-
	Oxfordian	163.5 ± 1.0	Candidate sections: Redcliff Point, Dorset, England Savouron, Provence, France	Biologic: Horizon of Cardioceras redcliffense (Ammonite).	-	-
Middle
	Callovian	166.1 ± 1.2	Candidate sections: Pfeffingen, Swabian Alb, Germany Russia	Biologic: First appearance of genus Kepplerites (Ammonite).	-	-
	Bathonian	168.3 ± 1.3	Ravin du Bès, Bas-Auran, Alpes de Haute, France	Biologic: First appearance of Gonolkites convergen (Ammonite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[21]
	Bajocian	170.3 ± 1.4	Cabo Mondego, Portugal	Biologic: First appearance of Hyperlioceras mundum, Hyperlioceras furcatum, Braunsina aspera, and Braunsina elegantula(Ammonite) Biologic: First appearance of genus Hyperlioceras (Ammonite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[22]
	Aalenian	174.1 ± 1.0	Fuentelsaz, Spain	Biologic: First appearance of Leioceras opalinum and Leioceras lineatum Biologic: First appearance of genus Leioceras (Ammonite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[23]
Lower
	Toarcian	182.7 ± 0.7	Peniche, Portugal	Biologic: Near first appearance of Eodactylites fauna (Ammonite). Biologic: Coincides with Protogrammoceras paltus horizon of NW-Europe.	-	-
	Pliensbachian	190.8 ± 1.0	Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, England	Biologic: First appearance of Bifericeras donovani and genera Apoderoceras (Ammonite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[24]
	Sinemurian	199.3 ± 0.3	East Quantoxhead, West Somerset, England	Biologic: First appearance of the Vermiceras quantoxense, Vermiceras palmeri (Ammonite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[25]
	Hettangian	201.3 ± 0.2	Kuhjoch section, Karwendel mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria	Biologic: Near first appearance of smooth Psiloceras spela group (Ammonite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Triassic

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Upper
	Rhaetian	~208.5	Candidate sections: Steinbergkogel, Austria Turkey British Columbia	Biologic: Near first appearance of genus Cochloceras (Ammonite). Biologic: Near first appearance of Misikella sp. and Epigondolella mosheri (Conodont). Biologic: Near first appearance of Proparvicingula moniliformis.	-	-
	Norian	~227	Candidate sections: Black Bear Ridge, British Columbia Pizzo Mondello, Sicily	Base of Stikinoceras kerri ammonoid zone and near FAD of Metapolygnathus echinatus within the M. communisti conodont zones.	-	-
	Carnian	~237	Prati di Stuores, Dolomites, Italy	Biologic: First appearance of Daxatina canadensis (Ammonite). Biologic: Near first appearance of Metapolygnathus polygnathiformis (Conodont). Magnetic: Above magnetic zone S2n.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[26]
Middle
	Ladinian	~242	Bagolino, Lombardian pre-Alps, Italy	Biologic: First appearance of Eoprotrachyceras curionii (Ammonite). Biologic: First appearance of Budurovignathus praehungaricus (Conodont).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[27]
	Anisian	247.2	Candidate sections: Desli Caira, Dobrogea, Romania Guandao, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance of Chiosella timorensis (Conodont). Magnetic: Base of magnetic zone MT1n.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Lower
	Olenekian	251.2	Candidate sections: Mud (Muth) village, Spiti valley, India Chaohu, China	Biologic: First appearance of Neospathodus waageni (Conodont). Biologic: Near first appearance of genera Flemingites and Euflemingites (Ammonite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
	Induan	252.17 ± 0.06	Meishan, Zhejiang, China	Biologic: First appearance of Hindeodus parvus (Conodont).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Paleozoic

Permian

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Lopingian
	Changhsingian	254.14 ± 0.07	Zhejiang, China	Biologic: Near first appearance of Clarkina wangi (Conodont).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[28]
	Wuchiapingian	259.8 ± 0.4	Penglaitan Section, Laibin, Guangxi, China	Biologic: First appearance of Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri (Conodont).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[29]
Guadalupian
	Capitanian	265.1 ± 0.4	Nipple Hill, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A.	Biologic: First appearance of Jinogondolella postserrata (Conodont).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[3]
	Wordian	268.8 ± 0.5	Guadalupe Pass, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A.	Biologic: First appearance of Jinogondolella aserrata (Conodont).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[3]
	Roadian	272.3 ± 0.5	Stratotype Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A.	Biologic: First appearance of Jinogondolella nanginkensis (Conodont).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[3]
Cisuralian
	Kungurian	283.5 ± 0.6	Candidate section: Ural mountains	Biologic: Near first appearance of Neostreptognathus pnevi (Conodont).	-	^[3]
	Artinskian	290.1 ± 0.26	Candidate section: Ural mountains	Biologic: First appearance of Sweetognathus whitei (Conodont).	-	^[3]
	Sakmarian	295.0 ± 0.18	Candidate section: Kondurovsky, Orenburg, Russia.	Biologic: Near first appearance of Sweetognathus merrelli (Conodont).	-	^[3]
	Asselian	298.9 ± 0.15	Aidaralash, Ural Mountains, Kazakhstan	Biologic: First appearance of Streptognathodus isolatus within the morphotype Streptognathodus wabaunsensis chronocline (Conodont).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[30]

Carboniferous

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Pennsylvanian
	Gzhelian	303.7 ± 0.1	Candidate sections: Ural mountains Nashui, Luodian County, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance Idiognathodus simulator and close to first appearance of Shumardites	-	^[3]
	Kasimovian	307.0 ± 0.1	Candidate sections: Ural mountains USA Nashui, Luodian County, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance of Protriticites or 1 millions years older Montiparus montiparus	-	^[3]
	Moscovian	315.2 ± 0.2	Candidate sections: Ural mountains Nashui, Luodian County, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance of Idiognathoides postsulcatus or Declinognathodus donetzianus	-	^[3]
	Bashkirian	323.2 ± 0.4	Arrow Canyon, Nevada, USA	Biologic: First appearance of Declinognathodus nodiliferus (Conodont).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[31]
Mississippian
	Serpukhovian	330.9 ± 0.2	Candidate sections: Verkhnyaya Kardailovka, Ural mountains Nashui, Luodian County, Guizhou, China	Biologic: First appearance of Lochriea ziegleri	-	^[3]
	Visean	346.7 ± 0.4	Pengchong Section, Guangxi, China	Biologic: First appearance of Eoparastaffella simplex	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[3]
	Tournaisian	358.9 ± 0.4	La Serre, Montagne Noire, France	Biologic: First appearance of Siphonodella sulcata (Conodont). In 2006 it was discovered that this GSSP has biostratigraphic problems.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[32]

Devonian

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Upper
	Famennian	372.2 ± 1.6	Coumiac quarry, Montagne Noire, France	Biologic: Abundant occurrence of Palmatolepis triangularis (Conodont). Biologic: Upper Kellwasser Extinction of all Ancyrodella and Ozarkodina and most Palmatolepis, Polygnathus, and Ancyrognathus. Biologic: Coincides with the first appearance of Phoenixites frechi (Goniatite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[33]
	Frasnian	382.7 ± 1.6	Col du Puech de la Suque, Montagne Noire, France	Biologic: First appearance of Ancyrodella rotundiloba (Conodont).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[34]
Middle
	Givetian	387.7 ± 0.8	Jebel Mech Irdane, Tafilalt, Morocco	Biologic: First appearance of Polygnathus hemiansatus (Conodont). Biologic: Just below first appearance of Maenioceras (Goniatite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[35]
	Eifelian	393.3 ± 1.2	Wetteldorf Richtschnitt section, Wetteldorf, Eifel, Germany	Biologic: First appearance of Polygnathus costatus partitus (Conodont).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[36]
Lower
	Emsian	407.6 ± 2.6	Zinzil'ban Gorge, Uzbekistan	Biologic: First appearance of Polygnathus kitabicus (Conodont).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[37]
	Pragian	410.8 ± 2.8	Velká Chuchle quarry Velká Chuchle, Prague, Czech Republic	Biologic: First appearance of Eognathodus sulcatus (Conodont).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[38]
	Lochkovian	419.2 ± 3.2	Klonk, Prague, Czech Republic	Biologic: First appearance of Monograptus uniformis (graptolite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[3]

Silurian

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Přídolí		423.0 ± 2.3	Požáry Section, Řeporyje District, Prague, Czech Republic	Biologic: First appearance of Monograptus parultimus (Graptolite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[39]
Ludlow
	Ludfordian	425.6 ± 0.9	Sunnyhill, Ludlow, England	Imprecise GSSP. Biologic: Near first appearance of Saetograptus leintwardinensis (Graptolite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[40]
	Gorstian	427.4 ± 0.5	Pitch Coppice, Ludlow, U.K.	Biologic: First appearance Saetograptus (Colonograptus) varians	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[40]
Wenlock
	Homerian	430.5 ± 0.7	Whitwell Coppice, Homer, England	Biologic: First appearance of Cyrtograptus lundgreni (Graptolite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[40]
	Sheinwoodian	433.4 ± 0.8	Hughley Brook, Apedale, U.K.	Imprecise GSSP. Will be reexamined. Biologic: Currently between acritarch biozone 5 and last appearance of Pterospathodus amorphognathoides. Candidate boundaries are a conodont boundary (Ireviken datum 2) which is close to the murchisoni graptolite biozone.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[3]^[40]
Llandovery
	Telychian	438.5 ± 1.1	Cefn-cerig Road, Llandovery, England	Biologic: Above extinction of Eocoelia intermedia, below lowest succeeding species Eocoelia curtisi (Brachiopod). Biologic: Near first appearance of Monograptus turriculatus (Graptolite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[39]
	Aeronian	440.8 ± 1.2	Trefawr Track, Llandovery, U.K.	Biologic: First appearance of Monograptus austerus sequens (Graptolite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[39]
	Rhuddanian	443.8 ± 1.5	Dob's Linn, Moffat, U.K.	Biologic: First appearance of Akidograptus ascensus and Parakidograptus acuminatus (Graptolite). 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale Formation.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[39]

Ordovician

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Upper
	Hirnantian	445.2 ± 1.4	Wangjiawan section Wangjiawan, Yichang, China	Biologic: First appearance of Normalograptus extraordinarius (Graptolite). Climatic: Base of major positive carbon isotope excursion. Climatic: Beginning of sea-level fall associated with onset of a major glaciation.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[41]
	Katian	453.0 ± 0.7	Black Knob Ridge section, Oklahoma, USA	Biologic: First appearance of Diplacanthograptus caudatus (Graptolite). Climatic: Just below base of Guttenberg carbon isotope excursion.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[42]
	Sandbian	458.4 ± 0.9	Fågelsång section Sularp Brook, Skåne, Sweden	Biologic: First appearance of Nemagraptus gracilis (Graptolite). 1.4 m below a phosphorite marker bed.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[43]
Middle
	Darriwilian	467.3 ± 1.1	Huangnitang Section Huangnitang, Zhejiang, China	Biologic: First appearance of Undulograptus austrodentatus (Graptolite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[44]
	Dapingian	470.0 ± 1.4	Huanghuachang section Huanghuachang, Yichang, China	Biologic: Lowest appearance of Baltoniodus triangularis (Conodont).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[45]^[46]
Lower
	Floian	477.7 ± 1.4	Diabasbrottet quarry, Västergötland, Sweden	Biologic: Lowest appearance of Tetragraptus approximatus (Graptolite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[47]
	Tremadocian	485.4 ± 1.9	Greenpoint section Green Point, Newfoundland, Canada	Biologic: First appearance of Iapetognathus fluctivagus (Conodont). Biologic: Planktonic graptolites occur 4.8 m above boundary. Climatic: Coincides with a peak in carbon isotopes.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[48]

Cambrian

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Furongian
	Stage 10	~489.5	Candidate sections: Duibian, Zhejiang, China Lawson Cove, Utah, USA	Candidates: Biologic: First appearance of Lotagnostus americanus (Trilobite). Biologic: First appearance of Cordylodus andresi (Conodont). Biologic: First appearance of Eoconodontus notchpeakensis (Conodont).	-	^[49]
	Jiangshanian	~494	Duibian B Section Duibian, Zhejiang, China	Biologic: First appearance of Agnostotes orientalis (Trilobite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[50]
	Paibian	~497	Paibi section Paibi, Hunan, China	Biologic: First appearance of the agnostoid Glyptagnostus reticulatus (Trilobite). Climatic: Coincides with base of the Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion (SPICE).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[51]
Series 3
	Guzhangian	~500.5	Luoyixi section Luoyixi, Guzhang, Hunan, China	Biologic: First appearance of Lejopyge laevigata (Trilobite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[52]
	Drumian	~504.5	Drumian section Wheeler Shale, Utah, U.S.A.	Biologic: First appearance of Ptychagnostus atavus (Trilobite).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[53]
	Stage 5	~509	Candidate sections: Wuliu-Zengjiayan, Guizhou, China Split Mountain, Nevada, USA Molodo river section, Bulunsky District, Sakha Republic	Biologic: First appearance of Oryctocephalus indicus (Trilobite). Biologic: First appearance of Ovatoryctocara granulata (Trilobite).	-	^[54]
Series 2
	Stage 4	~514	None	Biologic: First appearance Arthricocephalus chauveaui (Trilobite species). Biologic: First appearance Olenellus or Redlichia (Trilobite genera).	-	^[55]
	Stage 3	~521	None	Biologic: First appearance of trilobites (possibly Lemdadella)	-	^[56]^[57]
Terreneuvian
	Stage 2	~529	None	Biologic: First appearance of small shelly fauna or archaeocyathids	-	-
	Fortunian	541.0 ± 1.0	Fortune head section, Newfoundland, Canada	Biologic: First appearance of Treptichnus pedum (trace fossil).	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[58]

Precambrian

Proterozoic

Epoch	Stage	Age (mya)	Status	GSSP location	Defining markers	Geographic Coordinates	References
Neoproterozoic
	Ediacaran	~635		Enorama Creek section Flinders Ranges, South Australia	Geologic: Worldwide distinct cap carbonates. Isotopic: Beginning of a distinctive pattern of secular changes in carbon isotopes.	Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.	^[59]
	Cryogenian	~720	15px	Defined chronometrically now. GSSP is in progress.	-	-	^[60]
	Tonian	1000	15px	Defined chronometrically	-	-	^[60]
Mesoproterozoic
	Stenian	1200	15px	Defined chronometrically	-	-	^[60]
	Ectasian	1400	15px	Defined chronometrically	-	-	^[60]
	Calymmian	1600	15px	Defined chronometrically	-	-	^[60]
Paleoproterozoic
	Statherian	1800	15px	Defined chronometrically	-	-	^[60]
	Orosirian	2050	15px	Defined chronometrically	-	-	^[60]
	Rhyacian	2300	15px	Defined chronometrically	-	-	^[60]
	Siderian	2500	15px	Defined chronometrically	-	-	^[60]

Archean

Epoch	Age (mya)	Status
Neoarchean	2800	15px
Mesoarchean	3200	15px
Paleoarchean	3600	15px
Eoarchean	4000	15px
Hadean	4567

External links

International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)

References

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[Walker_2009-1] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points

Contents

Organization of this list

List

Cenozoic

Quaternary

Neogene

Paleogene

Mesozoic

Cretaceous

Jurassic

Triassic

Paleozoic

Permian

Carboniferous

Devonian

Silurian

Ordovician

Cambrian

Precambrian

Proterozoic

Archean

See also

External links

References

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