St Albans (UK Parliament constituency)
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St Albans | |
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County constituency for the House of Commons |
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![]() Boundary of St Albans in Hertfordshire.
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![]() Location of Hertfordshire within England.
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County | Hertfordshire |
Electorate | 70,298 (December 2010)[1] |
Current constituency | |
Created | 1885 |
Member of parliament | Anne Main (Conservative) |
Number of members | One |
Created from | Hertfordshire |
1554–1852 | |
Number of members | Two |
Type of constituency | Borough constituency |
Replaced by | Hertfordshire |
Overlaps | |
European Parliament constituency | East of England |
St Albans is a constituency[n 1] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2005 by Anne Main, a Conservative.[n 2]
This article also describes the parliamentary borough (1554-1852) of the same name, consisting only of the city of St Albans, which elected two MPs by the bloc vote system.
Contents
Boundaries
The seat is in Hertfordshire, England. Specifically, it comprises the cathedral city of St Albans and some of the surrounding countryside, mainly to the south of the city.
1885–1918
When the constituency was created in 1885 as the Mid or St Albans Division of Hertfordshire, it included the historic city as well as High Barnet (an area now in Greater London), Borehamwood, Elstree, Welwyn, Wheathampstead, and Harpenden.
It was defined as comprising:[2]
- The Municipal Borough of St. Albans,
- The Sessional Divisions of Barnet and St. Albans,
- Parts of the Sessional Divisions of Hertford (3 parishes) and Watford (1 parish)
- Part of the Sessional Division of Dacorum (4 entire parishes and those parts of 3 parishes that were in Hertfordshire)
The constituency contained the following civil parishes:[3]
- Aldenham, Bishop's Hatfield, Part of Caddington (remainder of parish was in Bedfordshire), Chipping Barnet, East Barnet, Elstree, Essendon, Flamstead, Great Gaddesden, Harpenden, Kensworth, Little Gaddesden, North Mimms, Redbourn, Ridge, St Albans: St Albans, St Albans: St Michael, St Albans: St Peter, St Stephen, Sandridge, Shenley, Part of South Mimms (the remainder of the parish was in Middlesex), part of Studham (the remainder of the parish was in Bedfordshire), Totteridge, Wheathampstead and part of Whipsnade (the reminder of the parish was in Bedfordshire).
1918–1945
The next redrawing of parliamentary constituencies was carried out prior to the 1918 general election. The Representation of the People Act 1918 redefined constituencies in terms of the urban and Rural districts created by the Local Government Act 1894. The St Albans Division of Hertfordshire was defined as comprising:[3][4]
- Barnet Rural District
- Hatfield Rural District
- Part of St Albans Rural District: the parishes of St Michael Rural, St Peter Rural, St Stephen and Sandridge Rural (the remainder was included in Hemel Hempstead Division.)
- The Municipal Borough of St. Albans
- The urban districts of Barnet and East Barnet Valley.
1945–1950
The House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1944 allowed for the creation of new constituencies in areas where there had been a large increase in population, with the new boundaries coming into force at the next election, which was held 1945. The number of constituencies in Hertfordshire was increased from five to six. The St Albans seat, which had an electorate of over 100,000, was effectively divided into two: a new Barnet Division was formed comprising East Barnet and Barnet Urban Districts and Elstree Rural District (the former Barnet Rural District had been renamed in 1941). At the 1945 general election the St Albans Division comprised:[3][5]
- The Municipal Borough of St Albans
- Welwyn Garden City Urban District (the urban district, containing a new town, had been created in 1927.)
- Hatfield Rural District
- Part of St Albans Rural District: the parishes of St Michael, St Peter Rural, St Stephen and Sandridge.
1950–1974
The Representation of the People Act 1948 provided for a complete redistribution of parliamentary seats, replacing those that had been created on a piecemeal basis in 1945. The Act also replaced the term "division" with "county constituency". The seats were first used at the 1950 general election and the revised St Albans County Constituency was defined as:[6]
- The borough of St. Albans
- the urban district of Welwyn Garden City;
- the rural district of Welwyn and the rural district of St. Albans except the parishes of Harpenden Rural and Redbourn.
1974–1983
Under legislation passed in 1949 and 1958 there were regular periodic reviews of parliamentary constituencies. An order redrawing boundaries was made in 1970 reflecting the creation of Greater London and the London Borough of Barnet in 1965, which had changed the boundaries of Hertfordshire. The redefined seat, which was first contested at the February 1974 general election, was as follows:[3][7]
- The Borough of St. Albans
- Five parishes in the rural district of St. Albans, namely, Harpenden Rural, Redbourn, St Michael Rural, Sandridge and Wheathampstead
1983–1997
Although local government was completely reorganised in April 1974, parliamentary boundaries were not changed until 1983. The constituencies created in 1983 were defined in terms of the non-metropolitan districts and their electoral wards introduced in 1974.
The local government legislation had created an enlarged City of St Albans including the old borough, most of the surrounding rural district and Harpenden Urban District.
The new St Albans County Constituency comprised 16 wards of the enlarged city: Ashley, Batchwood, Clarence, Colney Heath, Cunningham, Harpenden East, Harpenden North, Harpenden South, Harpenden West, Marshalswick North, Marshalswick South, Redbourn, St. Peters, Sandridge, Sopwell and Verulam.[8]
The constituency was not coterminous with the local government district: St Albans wards also formed parts of the new neighbouring constituencies of Hertsmere, Watford and Welwyn Hatfield.
1997–2010
The next periodic review was completed in 1996 and took effect at the 1997 general election. Hertfordshire's parliamentary representation was increased from 10 to 11 seats. The St Albans County Constituency was redrawn, with areas passing to a new Hitchin and Harpenden constituency, other areas added from the neighbouring South West Hertfordshire seat and boundary changes to the wards of the city. The seat was defined as comprising:[9]
- The following wards of the City of St. Albans, namely, Ashley, Batchwood, Clarence, Colney Heath, Cunningham, London Colney, Marshalswick North, Marshalswick South, Park Street, St. Peter's, St. Stephen's, Sopwell and Verulam; and
- The Bedmond ward of the District of Three Rivers.
2010–date
Constituencies were next redrawn in 2007, with the new boundaries first used at the 2010 general election. The Boundary Commission for England decided to retain the existing 11 seats in Hertfordshire, making relatively minor adjustments to bring the parliamentary boundaries in line with those of local government wards, which had changed since the 1995 review.[10]
The seat now comprises the following electoral wards:[11]
- Ashley, Batchwood, Clarence, Colney Heath, Cunningham, London Colney, Marshalwick North, Marshalwick South, Park Street, St Peters, St Stephen, Sopwell, and Verulam in the City of St Albans
- Bedmond and Primrose Hill in the Three Rivers District.
History
The constituency elected a borough representative for over 300 years, until it was disenfranchised as a result of electoral corruption in 1852.[12] The constituency was re-established in an enlarged form in 1885 with an alternative pseudonym, the Mid Division of Hertfordshire. Both names were used in the Redistribution of Seats Act, which dovetailed with the Third Reform Act.
1885 to date
- Political history
The constituency was until 1997 held by a Conservative with the exception of five years of the Attlee ministry and early 20th century opposition of Henry Campbell-Bannerman and the first part of his premiership which was when he was in a minority.
Following boundary changes in 1997, and the founding of the New Labour movement which sought public sector reform and investment with expansion based on economic growth, the seat stood the possibility of, on the expected national swing led by Tony Blair, a win by a Labour politician, which took place when it was won for the party for the first time since the 1945 election.
- Prominent members
The noble and local landowning Grimston family have produced nine members throughout the seat's history. The three first heirs to the Earldom of Verulam have won election in the seat - the latest MP from the family was John Grimston who later became the 6th Earl.
Sir Hildred Carlile was a textiles entrepreneur and generous benefactor of Bedford College, University of London.
Francis Fremantle was chairman of the Parliamentary Medical Committee from 1923 to 1943.
Peter Lilley was a frontbench minister in government from 1992 until 1997, the Secretary of State for Social Security, after two years as Secretary of State for Trade and Industry.
Constituency profile
Workless claimants (registered jobseekers) were in November 2012 significantly lower than the national average of 3.8%, at 1.9% of the population based on a statistical compilation by The Guardian.[13]
Members of Parliament
MPs 1553–1640
MPs 1640–1852
MPs since 1885
Elections
Elections since 1983
Election | Political result | Candidate | Party | Votes | % | ±% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General Election, 2015 [28][29] Electorate: 75,825 Turnout: 72% |
Conservative hold Majority: 12,732 (23.4%) +19.0 Swing: 0.1% from Lab to Con |
Anne Main | Conservative | 25,392 | 46.6 | +5.9 | ||
Kerry Pollard | Labour | 12,660 | 23.3 | +5.7 | ||||
Sandy Walkington | Liberal Democrat | 10,076 | 18.5 | -17.9 | ||||
Chris Wright | UKIP | 4,271 | 7.8 | +4.0 | ||||
Jack Easton | Green | 2,034 | 3.7 | +2.3 | ||||
General election, May 2010 [30][31][32] New boundaries Electorate: 70,058 Turnout: 52,835 (75.4%) +5.4 |
Conservative hold Majority: 2,305 (4.4%) +1.4 Swing: 3.74% from Con to Lib Dem |
Anne Main | Conservative | 21,533 | 40.8 | +3.5 | ||
Sandy Walkington | Liberal Democrat | 19,228 | 36.4 | +11.0 | ||||
Roma Mills | Labour | 9,288 | 17.6 | −16.7 | ||||
John Stocker | UKIP | 2,028 | 3.8 | +2.2 | ||||
Jack Easton | Green | 758 | 1.4 | N/A | ||||
General election, May 2005 [33][34] Electorate: 64,595 Turnout: 45,462 (70.0%) +3.7 |
Conservative gain from Labour Majority: 1,361 (3.0%) −7.2 Swing: 6.6% from Lab to Con |
Anne Main | Conservative | 16,953 | 37.3 | +2.1 | ||
Kerry Pollard | Labour | 15,592 | 34.3 | −11.1 | ||||
Michael Green | Liberal Democrat | 11,561 | 25.4 | +7.5 | ||||
Richard Evans | UKIP | 707 | 1.6 | +0.2 | ||||
Janet Girsman | St Albans Party | 430 | n/a | N/A | ||||
Mark Reynolds | Independent | 219 | n/a | N/A | ||||
General election, June 2001 [35][36] Electorate: 66,040 Turnout: 43,761 (66.3%) −11.2 |
Labour hold Majority: 4,466 (10.2%) +1.4 Swing: 0.7% from Con to Lab |
Kerry Pollard | Labour | 19,889 | 45.4 | +3.4 | ||
Charles Elphicke | Conservative | 15,423 | 35.2 | +2.0 | ||||
Nick Rijke | Liberal Democrat | 7,847 | 17.9 | −3.1 | ||||
Chris Sherwin | UKIP | 602 | 1.4 | N/A | ||||
General election, May 1997 [37][38] New boundaries Electorate: 65,560 Turnout: 50,805 (77.5%) −6.0 |
Labour gain from Conservative Majority: 4,459 (8.8%) −17.7 Swing: 21.1% from Con to Lab |
Kerry Pollard | Labour | 21,338 | 42.0 | +22.6 | ||
David Rutley | Conservative | 16,879 | 33.2 | −19.6 | ||||
Anthony Rowlands | Liberal Democrat | 10,692 | 21.0 | −5.3 | ||||
Jim Warrilow | Referendum | 1,619 | 3.2 | N/A | ||||
Sari Craigen | Rainbow Alliance | 166 | 0.3 | n/a | ||||
Ian Docker | Natural Law | 111 | 0.2 | −0.1 | ||||
General election, April 1992 [39][40] Electorate: 74,188 Turnout: 61,925 (83.5%) +3.3 |
Conservative hold Majority: 16,404 (26.5%) +8.5 Swing: 4.3% from Con to Lib Dem |
Peter Lilley | Conservative | 32,709 | 52.8 | +0.3 | ||
Monica Howes | Liberal Democrat | 16,305 | 26.3 | −8.2 | ||||
Kerry Pollard | Labour | 12,016 | 19.4 | +7.9 | ||||
Craig Simmons | Green | 734 | 1.2 | −0.1 | ||||
David Lucas | Natural Law | 161 | 0.3 | N/A | ||||
General election, June 1987 [41][42] Electorate: 75,281 Turnout: 60,391 (80.2%) +2.0 |
Conservative hold Majority: 10,881 (18.0%) +3.0 Swing: 1.5% from Lib to Con |
Peter Lilley | Conservative | 31,726 | 52.5 | +0.5 | ||
Alexander Stuart Burnett Walkington | Liberal | 20,845 | 34.5 | −2.5 | ||||
Tony McWalter | Labour | 6,922 | 11.5 | +0.6 | ||||
Elaine Valerie Field | Green | 788 | 1.3 | N/A | ||||
William Henry Pass | CPRP | 110 | 0.2 | N/A | ||||
General election, June 1983 [43][44] New boundaries Electorate: 72,849 Turnout: 57,004 (78.3%) −2.1 |
Conservative hold Majority: 8,561 (15.0%) −14.2 Swing: 7.1% from Con to Lib |
Peter Lilley | Conservative | 29,676 | 52.1 | −1.0 | ||
Alexander Stuart Burnett Walkington | Liberal | 21,115 | 37.0 | +13.2 | ||||
R. Austin | Labour | 6,213 | 10.9 | −12.2 |
Elections 1950–1979
Election | Political result | Candidate | Party | Votes | % | ±% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General election, May 1979 [45] Electorate: 73,339 Turnout: 58,996 (80.4%) +2.4 |
Conservative hold Majority: 17,244 (29.2%) +12.4 Swing: 5.6% from Lib to Con |
Victor Goodhew | Conservative | 31,301 | 53.1 | +8.1 | ||
D. Picton | Liberal | 14,057 | 23.8 | −3.1 | ||||
R. J. Greaves | Labour | 13,638 | 23.1 | −5.0 | ||||
General election, October 1974 [46] Electorate: 69,693 Turnout: 54,351 (78.0%) −6.6 |
Conservative hold Majority: 9,135 (16.8%) +2.4 Swing: 1.8% from Con to Lab |
Victor Goodhew | Conservative | 24,436 | 45.0 | −0.2 | ||
E. Hudson | Labour | 15,301 | 28.2 | −3.8 | ||||
A. C. Shaw | Liberal | 14,614 | 26.9 | +4.0 | ||||
General election, February 1974 [47] New boundaries Electorate: 68,954 Turnout: 58,346 (84.6%) +8.4 |
Conservative hold Majority: 8,421 (14.4%) −2.2 Swing: 11.8% from Con to Lib |
Victor Goodhew | Conservative | 26,345 | 45.2 | −6.4 | ||
A. C. Shaw | Liberal | 17,924 | 30.7 | +17.2 | ||||
D. L. Bernstein | Labour | 14,077 | 24.1 | −10.8 | ||||
General election, June 1970 [48] Electorate: 62,417 Turnout: 47,571 (76.2%) −6.8 |
Conservative hold Majority: 7,874 (16.6%) +10.5 Swing: 5.3% from Lab to Con |
Victor Goodhew | Conservative | 24,503 | 51.5 | +3.8 | ||
C. H. Beaumont | Labour | 16,629 | 35.0 | −6.7 | ||||
C. A. Shaw | Liberal | 6,439 | 13.5 | +2.9 | ||||
General election, March 1966 [49] Electorate: 56,247 Turnout: 46,665 (83.0%) +0.4 |
Conservative hold Majority: 2,832 (6.1%) −5.7 Swing: 2.8% from Con to Lab |
Victor Goodhew | Conservative | 22,260 | 47.7 | −0.3 | ||
Keith Kyle | Labour | 19,428 | 41.6 | +5.4 | ||||
J. J. Wates | Liberal | 4,977 | 10.7 | −5.1 | ||||
General election, October 1964 [50] Electorate: 55,658 Turnout: 45,966 (82.6%) −0.2 |
Conservative hold Majority: 5,391 (11.7%) −7.7 Swing: 3.9% from Con to Lab |
Victor Goodhew | Conservative | 22,063 | 48.0 | −4.9 | ||
Bruce Douglas-Mann | Labour | 16,672 | 36.3 | +2.8 | ||||
W. G. Brown | Liberal | 7,231 | 15.7 | +2.1 | ||||
General election, October 1959 [51] Electorate: 52,823 Turnout: 82.8% (+3.5) |
Conservative hold Majority: 8,507 (19.4%) +4.4 Swing: 2.2% from Lab to Con |
Victor Goodhew | Conservative | 23,157 | 52.9 | −4.6 | ||
L. W. Carroll | Labour | 14,650 | 33.5 | −9.0 | ||||
W. A. N. Jones | Liberal | 5,948 | 13.6 | N/A | ||||
General election, May 1955 [52] Electorate: 47,827 Turnout: 37,935 (79.3%) −4.8 |
Conservative hold Majority: 5,721 (15.1%) +6.2 Swing: 3.9% from Lab to Con |
John Grimston | Conservative | 21,828 | 57.5 | +3.0 | ||
Renee Short | Labour | 16,107 | 42.5 | −3.0 | ||||
General election, October 1951 [53] Electorate: 62,431 Turnout: 52,513 (84.1%) −0.8 |
Conservative hold Majority: 4,691 (8.9%) +4.4 Swing: 2.2% from Lab to Con |
John Grimston | Conservative | 28,602 | 54.5 | +7.2 | ||
J. McKnight | Labour | 23,911 | 45.5 | +2.9 | ||||
General election, February 1950 [54] Electorate: 61,644 Turnout: 52,464 (85.0%) +12.4 |
Conservative gain from Labour Majority: 2,382 (4.6%) Swing: 4.1% from Lab to Con |
John Grimston | Conservative | 24,733 | 47.2 | +4.4 | ||
Cyril Dumpleton | Labour | 22,351 | 42.7 | −3.8 | ||||
Deryck Robert Endsleigh Abel | Liberal | 5,280 | 10.1 | −0.6 |
Elections 1918–1945
Election | Political result | Candidate | Party | Votes | % | ±% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General election, July 1945 [26] See footnote on changes [55] Electorate: 71,893 Turnout: 72.6% (+10.0) |
Labour gain from Conservative Majority: 1,879 (3.7%) Swing: 19.3% from Lab to Con |
Cyril Dumpleton | Labour | 22,421 | 46.5 | +14.0 | ||
John Grimston | Conservative | 22,362 | 42.8 | −24.7 | ||||
Enid Lakeman | Liberal | 5,601 | 10.7 | n/a | ||||
By-election, October 1943 [26] Death of Fremantle |
Conservative hold | John Grimston | Conservative | unopposed | ||||
General election, November 1935 [26] Electorate: 79,885 Turnout: 49,976 (62.6%) −9.3 |
Conservative hold Majority: 17,510 (35.0%) −21.2 Swing: 10.6% from Con to Lab |
Francis Edward Fremantle | Conservative | 33,743 | 67.5 | −10.6 | ||
Hugh Arthur Franklin [56] | Labour | 16,233 | 32.5 | +10.6 | ||||
General election, October 1931 [26] Electorate: 65,365 Turnout: 46,979 (71.9%) −0.7 |
Unionist hold Majority: 26,401 (56.2%) +35.7 Swing: 17.8% from Lab to Unionist |
Francis Edward Fremantle | Unionist | 36,690 | 78.1 | +30.0 | ||
Mary Monica Whately | Labour | 10,289 | 21.9 | −5.7 | ||||
General election, May 1929 [26] First election with universal suffrage Electorate: 58,418 Turnout: 41,434 (72.6%) +2.3 |
Unionist hold Majority: 8,737 (20.5%) −14.5 |
Francis Edward Fremantle | Unionist | 20,436 | 48.1 | −19.4 | ||
Miss Mary Monica Whately | Labour | 11,699 | 27.6 | −4.9 | ||||
George Gordon Honeyman | Liberal | 10,299 | 24.3 | n/a | ||||
General election, October 1924 [26] Electorate: 37,983 Turnout: 26,864 (70.3%) +1.5 |
Conservative hold Majority: 9,322 (35.0%) +13.8 |
Francis Edward Fremantle | Conservative | 18,004 | 67.5 | +19.8 | ||
F. Herbert | Labour | 8,862 | 32.5 | +6.0 | ||||
General election, December 1923 [26] Electorate: 36,474 Turnout: 25,077 (68.8%) −2.3 |
Conservative hold Majority: 5,328 (21.2%) +5.6 |
Francis Edward Fremantle | Conservative | 11,968 | 47.7 | −10.1 | ||
Christopher Birdwood Thomson [58] | Labour | 6,640 | 26.5 | −15.7 | ||||
Harry Krauss Nield [57] | Liberal | 6,469 | 25.8 | n/a | ||||
General election, November 1922 [26] See footnote on changes [59] Electorate: 35,520 Turnout: 25,256 (71.1%) +8.3 |
Conservative hold Majority: 3,932 (15.6%) +12.2 |
Francis Edward Fremantle | Conservative | 14,594 | 57.8 | +12.0 | ||
John William Brown | Labour | 10,662 | 42.2 | −0.2 | ||||
By-election, December 1919 [26][60] Resignation of Sir Hildred Carlile, Bt Electorate: 33,437 Turnout: 21,003 (62.8%) |
Coalition Unionist hold Majority: 713 (3.4%) |
Francis Edward Fremantle | Coalition Unionist | 9,621 | 45.8 | |||
John William Brown | Labour | 8,908 | 42.4 | |||||
Milner Gray | Liberal | 2,474 | 11.8 | |||||
General election, December 1918 [26] | Coalition Unionist hold | Sir Hildred Carlile, Bt | Coalition Unionist | unopposed |
Elections 1885–1910
Election | Political result | Candidate | Party | Votes | % | ±% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General election, December 1910 [25] Electorate: 13,929 Turnout: 11,676 (83.8%) −6.6 |
Conservative hold Majority: 2,122 (18.2%) +2.0 |
Hildred Carlile | Conservative | 6,899 | 59.1 | +1.0 | ||
R. C. Phillimore | Liberal | 4,777 | 40.9 | −1.0 | ||||
General election, January 1910 [25] Electorate: 13,929 Turnout: 12,594 (90.4%) +10.1 |
Conservative hold Majority: 2,052 (16.2%) +11.2 |
Hildred Carlile | Conservative | 7,323 | 58.1 | +5.6 | ||
H. R. Beddoes | Liberal | 5,271 | 41.9 | −5.6 | ||||
General election, 1906 [25] Electorate: 12,497 Turnout: 89.3% (+7.8) |
Conservative gain from Liberal Majority: 552 (5.0%) Swing: 3.2% from Lib to Con |
Hildred Carlile | Conservative | 5,856 | 52.5 | +3.2 | ||
John Slack | Liberal | 5,304 | 47.5 | −3.2 | ||||
By-election, February 1904 [25] Gibbs disqualified[61] Electorate: 11,518 Turnout: 9,382 (81.5%) |
Liberal gain from Conservative Majority: 132 (1.4%) |
John Bamford Slack | Liberal | 4,757 | 50.7 | |||
Vicary Gibbs | Conservative | 4,635 | 49.3 | |||||
General election, 1900 [25] | Conservative hold | Vicary Gibbs | Conservative | unopposed | ||||
General election, 1895 [25] | Conservative hold | Vicary Gibbs | Conservative | unopposed | ||||
General election, 1892 [25] Electorate: 9,672 Turnout: 78.3% |
Conservative Majority: 11.1 (844%) |
Vicary Gibbs | Conservative | 3,417 | 45.1 | |||
T. M. Harvey | Liberal | 2,573 | 34.0 | |||||
W. H. Bingham-Cox | Independent Conservative | 1,580 | 20.9 | |||||
General election, 1886 [25] | Conservative hold | Viscount Grimston | Conservative | unopposed | ||||
General election, 1885 [25] Electorate: 8,741 Turnout: 7,145 (81.7%) |
Conservative win (new seat) Majority: 1,071 (15.0%) |
Viscount Grimston | Conservative | 4,108 | 57.5 | |||
J. Coles | Liberal | 3,037 | 42.5 |
See also
Notes and references
- Notes
- ↑ A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)
- ↑ As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.
- References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, Schedule 7: Counties at Large. Number of Members and Names and Contents of Divisions.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Representation of the People Act 1918, Schedule 9: Redistribution of Seats
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Representation of the People Act 1948, Schedule 1: Parliamentary Constituencies
- ↑ The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1970 (S.I. 1970/1674)
- ↑ The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1983 (S.I. 1983/417)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Reform Act 1867
- ↑ Unemployment claimants by constituency The Guardian
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑
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- ↑ Sir Henry Holmes also given
- ↑ Admiral from 1702
- ↑ Created The Viscount Grimston (in the Peerage of Ireland), November 1719
- ↑ On petition (in a dispute over the franchise), Hale was found not to have been duly elected
- ↑ The 2nd Viscount Grimston (in the Peerage of Ireland) from October 1756
- ↑ Richard Sutton was created a baronet, 1772
- ↑ Styled Lord Bingham from October 1795, when his father was raised to an Earldom
- ↑ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "S" (part 1)[self-published source][better source needed]
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 25.9 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ New M.P. For St. Albans, The Times, October 06, 1943
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ City & District of St Albans - Statement of persons nominated
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ For the 1945 general election, changes are calculated relative to the 1935 general election results, not the uncontested by-election in 1943
- ↑ 1935: The Labour party candidate, Hugh Arthur Franklin, had previously contested Hornsey in 1931
- ↑ 1923: the Liberal Party candidate, Harry Krauss Nield, later contested Macclesfield in 1924
- ↑ 1923: the Labour Party candidate, C. B. Thomson, had previously contested Bristol Central in 1922
- ↑ For the 1922 general election, changes are calculated relative to the 1919 by-election results
- ↑ Large Labour Vote At St. Albans, Seat Held By Coalition, The Times, Wednesday 24 December 1919, page 10
- ↑ The by-election in February 1904 was caused by the disqualification of Vicary Gibbs, who since his election in 1900 had undertaken a contract with the Commissioners of the Admiralty
Sources
- Robert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807) [1]
- D Brunton & D H Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
- Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808) [2]
- F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989)
- Henry Stooks Smith, The Parliaments of England from 1715 to 1847 (2nd edition, edited by FWS Craig - Chichester: Parliamentary Reference Publications, 1973)
- Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "S" (part 1)[self-published source][better source needed]
External links
- 2005 voting statistics from the BBC
- 2001 and 1997 voting statistics from the BBC
- OBV
- Coverage from The Times
- Articles incorporating Cite DNB template
- Accuracy disputes from March 2012
- Articles lacking reliable references from March 2012
- Wikipedia articles incorporating an LRPP-MP template with two unnamed parameters
- Parliamentary constituencies in Hertfordshire
- United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1554
- 1852 disestablishments
- United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1885
- Parliamentary constituencies disenfranchised for corruption
- Politics of St Albans
- Politics of Three Rivers (district)