Operation Jupiter (1944)

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This article is about the 1944 Operation Jupiter in France. For other uses, see Operation Jupiter (disambiguation).

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Operation Jupiter was an offensive launched by VIII Corps of the British Second Army on 10 July 1944 during the Battle of Normandy of World War II. The objective of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division was to capture the villages of Baron-sur-Odon, Fontaine-Étoupefour, Chateau de Fontaine and recapture Hill 112. An attached brigade of the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division would take Éterville, Maltot and the ground up to the River Orne and then the tanks of the 4th Armoured Brigade, supported by infantry, would advance through the captured ground and secure several villages to the west of the River Orne. It was hoped that the initial objectives could be captured by 9:00 a.m., after which the 4th Armoured Brigade would begin the exploitation phase.

The British advance went well at first but fighting for Hill 112 took all day and Maltot changed hands several times. On 11 July, counter-attacks by the 10th SS-Panzer Division and the 102nd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion in the afternoon, forced the British off the top of Hill 112, to positions on the north-facing slope. The operation was a tactical failure for VIII Corps but a strategic success for the Allies, attrition having reduced the II SS Panzer Corps to a condition from which it never recovered. Several other British operations were conducted in the Odon valley during July and the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division occupied Hill 112 almost unopposed on 4 August, after the Germans withdrew during Operation Cobra and Operation Bluecoat further west. A stone memorial to the 43rd Division was built on the hill in the late 1940s.

Background

Operation Epsom

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Main article: Operation Epsom

The first battle for Hill 112 was fought at the end of Operation Epsom, when the tanks of 11th Armoured Division broke out from a bridgehead established by the 2nd Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, part of 227th (Highland) Infantry Brigade 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, at Tourmauville. Hill 112 was an intermediate objective on the way to the River Orne crossings but such was the German reaction that the 23rd Hussars were only able to capture and hold the hill with difficulty.[1] Hill 112, at the end of a narrow salient, was held by the infantry of the 8th Battalion, Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own). Here they remained under heavy shell and mortar fire until, warned by Ultra decryption of German radio traffic, showed that the II SS Panzer Corps was arriving.[2] Before the German reinforcements could attack, General Bernard Montgomery ordered a withdrawal from the hilltop.[2] Montgomery intended to hold the Panzer divisions (approximately seven), on the Anglo-Canadian front, while the Americans captured Cherbourg and broke out from the beachhead. The American objective was feasible, because the Americans had only the equivalent of ​1 1⁄2 Panzer divisions facing them, despite German attempts to disengage Panzer units from the east end of the bridgehead.[3]

Operation Charnwood

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Main article: Operation Charnwood

Operation Charnwood took place from 8–9 July, to capture Caen and forestall the transfer of German armoured units from the Anglo-Canadian front in the east to the American sector. Three infantry divisions supported by three armoured brigades, attacked behind a creeping barrage and made gradual progress against the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend and the 16th Luftwaffe Field Division. By the end of the day the 3rd Canadian Division, the British 3rd Infantry Division and the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division had reached Caen. At dawn, the attackers met the remnants of German units which were retreating across the Orne; Carpiquet airfield had fallen to the Canadians in morning and by 6:00 p.m., the British and Canadians had closed up to the north bank of the Orne. With the remaining bridges fortified or impassable and with German reserves close by, British I Corps ended the operation. Charnwood was a mutually costly tactical success for the Allies. The Germans were expelled from north of the Orne but established a defensive line south of the city and continued to transfer formations to the American front.[4]

Prelude

Plan of attack

The 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, the attached 31st Tank Brigade with the 141st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (141st RAC) Crocodiles from the 79th Armoured Division and the 4th Armoured Brigade were supported by the 3rd and 8th Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA) for an attack in three stages. In phase I, the 130th Infantry Brigade and 9th Royal Tank Regiment (9th RTR) were to occupy a German salient around les Duanes and capture the Château de Fontaine, as the 129th Brigade with the 7th Royal Tank Regiment (7th RTR) attacked Hill 112. In phase II, the 129th Infantry Brigade would form a defensive flank along the northern slope of Hill 112, facing Évrecy to the south-west.[5] Simultaneously, the 130th Brigade, 9th RTR and Churchill Crocodiles would attack Éterville and Maltot and if the attack succeeded, it was to be followed by an advance south-east of Hill 112 towards St. Martin. In phase III, the 129th Brigade was to stay on Hill 112, while the 130th Brigade dug in from Eterville to Maltot facing east. The 4th Armoured Brigade and the 214th Infantry Brigade of the 43rd Division, would then advance between the 129th and 130th brigades, south to the Orne and form a bridgehead. The 46th (Highland) Brigade of the 15th (Scottish) Division and a squadron of the 7th RTR would then clear the ground between the Odon, Orne and the western suburbs of Caen.[5]

Battle

Topography of the area south-west of Caen

Operation Jupiter began from the Odon bridgehead, which ran from Verson to Baron after the 214th Brigade crossed the river during the night of 8/9 July. After a preliminary bombardment the first battalions of the 43rd Division reached Éterville and the north slope of Hill 112 by 8:00 a.m. after which the advance to Maltot began. The village was entered but determined German defenders, mortar-fire and armoured counter-attacks made the British position in the village untenable without control of Hill 112. The German defenders on the hill were dug into cornfields and tanks were hidden in copses and stopped the British attack at the Caen–Évrecy road and below the crest on the flanks. In the evening the 5th Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (5th DCLI) of 214th Brigade and the 7th Royal Tank Regiment (7th RTR) attacked the hill and reached the hilltop and woods nearby, which brought the four 43rd Division brigades onto the ridge. To the north of Éterville, troops of the 3rd Canadian Division had crossed the Odon and extended the salient to the east.[6]

German counter-attacks began around midnight and got into Éterville several times; on the hill, the 5th DCLI was forced back to the Caen–Évrecy road, after all its anti-tanks guns were destroyed and 240 casualties incurred. During the battle, General Heinrich Eberbach, the commander of Panzer Group West had made the defence of Hill 112 the priority (Schwerpunkt) of the II SS Panzer Corps but the British advance had taken the north slope and got half-way across the hilltop.[7] The German defenders had survived naval bombardment, air attack and artillery fire but held much of their ground, with the support of Tiger tanks of the schwere SS-Panzer Abteilung 102, which had arrived in Normandy two days previous.[8][lower-alpha 1]

Aftermath

Analysis

Exploitation of a German retirement from Caen after Operation Charnwood had not been possible, since the Germans only withdrew to the south bank of the Orne. The British had attacked up open slopes to reach the top of Hill 112, commanded by dug in German units and tanks on the reverse slope. Narrow front attacks had been tactically unwise but lack of troops and the strategic circumstances had made them unavoidable, despite congestion behind the British front line and the delays this caused in delivering supplies and reinforcements.[10] Lieutenant-General Richard O'Connor, the VIII Corps commander, recommended that greater account be taken of topography in the selection of objectives and that the occupation of high ground be favoured over attacks on villages. The British and Canadians had used their increasing experience and kept the initiative but the Germans had not withdrawn, despite the cost of such defensive operations.[11] The commanding views from Hill 112 were of great tactical importance but the highest point of the hill was relinquished by the British and left as a no-man's-land, with the two sides dug in on either side.[12]

Several villages in the vicinity had been taken (although the British were pushed out of Éterville) and the Germans had been provoked into counter-attacking British penetrations. The 9th SS Panzer Division, which had been moving out of the line to form an operational reserve, was brought back to contain the attack and the German troops involved in counter-attacks were exposed to Allied fire-power, which inflicted severe casualties and deprived the German defence of the ability to conduct a counter-offensive.[13] Tank-versus-tank engagements continued to take place at fewer than 1,000 yards (910 m), at which the 150-millimetre (5.9 in) armour of Churchill tanks, was insufficient to resist hand-held hollow-charge weapons or the high-velocity 75 mm and 88 mm guns used by the Germans. British tank-mounted, medium-velocity 75 mm guns, could not penetrate the frontal armour of Panther tanks or the armour of Tiger tanks from any direction.[14]

Casualties and commemoration

File:Map commune FR insee code 14254.png
Map of the Eterville area (commune FR insee code 14254)

The 43rd (Wessex) Division lost 2,000 men in the operation and 7,000 casualties from 10–22 July.[15] The 31st Tank Brigade had 25 percent tank casualties.[13] The importance of the battles for Hill 112 is remembered by the erection by the 5th DCLI in August 1944 labelled "Cornwall Wood." A larger wooden memorial to the 43rd (Wessex) Division was built by the residents of Normandy, to the combatants and civilians who were killed soon afterwards.[16] A stone memorial was built at Hill 112 by the 43rd Division in the late 1940s (carved by German masons) and similar memorials are at Wynyard's Gap in North Dorset, Castle Hill, Mere in Wiltshire and Rough Tor in Cornwall.[17]

Subsequent operations

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Main article: Second Battle of the Odon

11 July

At dusk on 11 July, the 4th Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry (SLI) of 129th Brigade made a silent attack on the crest of Hill 112, with D Company in the centre attacking to re-occupy the orchard, A Company on the right and C Company on the left.[lower-alpha 2] A Company crossed the Caen–Évrecy road and tried to dig in but found the ground too hard for their tools and then the Germans were alerted by British machine-gun fire. D Company got to the edge of Cornwall Wood then received machine-gun fire, much of which ricochetted from knocked-out tanks; a platoon strayed to the right and disappeared. Troops of the 19th SS Panzergrenadier Regiment discovered the advance and managed to repulse the British, then found that the Germans on the other side of the orchard had retired. Constant artillery, mortar and machine-gun fire swept the top of Hill 112 and made it untenable for both sides; positions below the crest where troops could assemble for an attack were frequently bombarded. Some small parties of the 5th DCLI remained in the orchard, not having heard of the retirement and after four days, a group which sent four German prisoners down the hill were ordered back down the hill.[19]

Operation Greenline, 15–17 July

File:Map commune FR insee code 14089.png
Map of the XII Corps area

The crossroads at le Bon Repos and the higher ground overlooking Esquay-Notre-Dame were attacked by the 2nd Battalion, Glasgow Highlanders of the 227th Brigade, supported by Churchill tanks of the 107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (107th RAC) from the 34th Tank Brigade and the 141st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (141st RAC) of the 79th Armoured Division, equipped with Churchill Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE) and Churchill Crocodile flame thrower tanks. The Highlanders advanced from the north-east of Hill 112, south-west over the northern slope towards the defences of the III Battalion, 21st SS-Panzergrenadier Regiment. As the infantry emerged from dead ground they were met by massed mortar fire, which temporarily disorganised the battalion, as did a smoke screen placed on Hill 112, which had merged with fog and covered the area. The Highlanders managed to cross the start line on time at 9:30 p.m. and captured the SS survivors of a flame attack by the Crocodiles on the Caen–Évrecy road between Croix des Filandriers and le Bon Repos. The advance continued downhill under Monty's Moonlight (illumination from searchlight beams reflected by clouds) and covering fire from the 107th RAC Churchills on the higher ground just south of Baron.[20]

Esquay was raided around 11:00 p.m. but not held, as its position below a saucer of higher ground made it a shell-trap. The troops dug in on the rises north of Esquay, at positions determined earlier using reconnaissance photographs. Tiger tanks of 102nd schwere SS-Panzer Abteilung were sent up the southern slope of Hill 112, to repulse an attack that never came. Further west, the rest of the 15th (Scottish) Division had captured Point 113 but not Évrecy, which left the 2nd Glasgow Highlanders overlooked from both flanks, although German counter-attacks by infantry of the 21st SS-Panzergrenadier Regiment and tanks of the 10th SS-Panzer Regiment at first concentrated on Esquay, which had already been evacuated. The German counter-attack then fell on the positions around le Bon Repos, where two Panzer IV were knocked out by 6-pounder anti-tank guns. The Scottish were pushed back several times, only for the medium artillery of XII Corps to bombard the Germans back out. On 18 July, 107th RAC skirmished with dug‑in Tigers and two 88 mm self-propelled guns, losing four tanks on the ridge.[21] The Highlanders maintained their positions for two days, before being relieved by a battalion of the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division.[22]

Operation Express, 22 July

Operation Express was to begin from Louvigny. The 5th Battalion, Wiltshire Regiment (5th Wilts), of 129 Brigade, and B Squadron of the 9th RTR of the 31st Tank Brigade, were to capture the village and orchards north of the road from Louvigny and the 4th Wilts with A Squadron 9th RTR, were to attack the woods, orchards and a spur south-east of Maltot. The 4th Somerset Light Infantry were kept in reserve, ready to exploit any success.[23] On the east bank of the Orne, the 5th Canadian Infantry Brigade, of the 2nd Canadian Division, raided Etavaux with two companies, along the railway close to the river supported by a creeping barrage and tanks from the Sherbrooke Fusiliers on higher ground. Several Canadian soldiers rushed German machine-gun nests and enabled the advance to continue to the village, where they fought with the German garrison until the British barrage was due and then retired. After Maltot was captured, the Canadians returned to occupy the village and took c. 100 prisoners from the 272nd Division, for a loss of 108 casualties.[24]

Operation Express began at 5:30 p.m. and on the right side of the road the 5th Wilts advanced behind a smoke screen and an artillery barrage. The German defenders were surprised and at first were stunned by the bombardment. As the British moved through the village, some defenders recovered and hand-to-hand fighting took place. Grenadiers from the 10th SS-Panzer Division and Tiger tanks from the 102nd schwere SS-Panzer Abteilung began a counter-attack as Maltot was entered and knocked out several Churchill tanks of B Squadron. A British Forward Air Controller saw the German tanks and called in Hawker Typhoon Fighter-bombers, which forced the Tigers back to Hill 112, while the Grenadiers reinforced the German infantry in the village. On the other side of the Louvigny road, the 4th Wilts and A Squadron, advanced through woods and farms to the final objective, south of the village. The infantry went first, two sections in front of each tank, with the Squadron commander on foot accompanying the infantry commanders.[25]

When it was seen that the 4th Wilts across the road had been delayed, by the German defence of Lieu de France Farm at the east end of Maltot, Churchill and Churchill Crocodile tanks advanced, bombarded and flamed the defenders and then overran the position. As the advance moved into the woods, small parties of British and German infantry stalked each other through trees, small quarries and trenches. The defenders were overrun in about two hours and mopping up began but some German troops held out as dark fell. Most of the surviving defenders retired to Château Maltot on the far side of the road and were cut off. As the 4th Wilts moved forward to the Rau de Maltot stream, they were stopped by fire from the Château. Bombardment by the Churchills prompt a German medic to request a truce, which was offered provided that all German troops in the Château surrender, which was refused. At dusk the British attacked and broke into the ground floor but were held back by showers of hand grenades. Overnight the outbuildings were captured and the Château was kept under fire by the tanks.[26]

From 9:30–10:00 p.m., both battalions reached the final objectives to the west of Maltot and the woods to the south. The tanks withdrew, having lost eight vehicles and just after dawn, the remaining Germans in the Château gave up. By the end of the operation, the 10th SS-Panzer Division had been reduced from c. 15,000 men to 2,289 and only the most vital positions could be counter-attacked. At dawn, the British were met by the sight of the dead from Operation Jupiter and by long-range fire from German tanks and guns on the south-east ridge of Hill 112. The Wilts had taken more than 400 prisoners, in what they claimed by to be a "text-book" operation. Commanders had studied maps, photographs and sand models, had been given time to establish infantry-tank co-operation with 7th RTR and conduct reconnaissance.[27] The 43rd (Wessex) Division was withdrawn and the ground taken over by the 53rd (Welsh) Division.[28] The Germans withdrew from Hill 112 in August, during Operation Cobra and Operation Bluecoat further west; the 53rd (Welsh) Division occupied the feature with barely a fight on 4 August.[28]

Notes

  1. ↑ A tank of the Royal Scots Greys hit a Panther four times at 800 yards (730 m) and the shells bounced off.[9]
  2. ↑ A silent attack was a stealthy infantry advance without artillery support until the defenders discovered the attack.[18]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Jackson 2006, pp. 39–40.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hinsley 1994, p. 495.
  3. ↑ Hinsley 1994, p. 498.
  4. ↑ Buckley 2006, pp. 30–31.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Saunders 2001, pp. 49–50.
  6. ↑ Ellis et al. 2004, p. 317.
  7. ↑ Ellis et al. 2004, pp. 317–318.
  8. ↑ Jackson 2006, pp. 61–63.
  9. ↑ Buckley 2006, p. 33.
  10. ↑ Buckley 2006, p. 32.
  11. ↑ Buckley 2014, pp. 92–93.
  12. ↑ Saunders 2001, p. 7.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Buckley 2014, p. 92.
  14. ↑ Buckley 2006, pp. 32–33.
  15. ↑ Delaforce 2015, p. 70.
  16. ↑ How 1984, pp. 212–213.
  17. ↑ Saunders 2001, p. 184.
  18. ↑ Saunders 2001, p. 156.
  19. ↑ Saunders 2001, pp. 156–160.
  20. ↑ Saunders 2001, pp. 160–162.
  21. ↑ Anon 1946.
  22. ↑ Saunders 2001, pp. 162–163.
  23. ↑ Saunders 2001, pp. 165–166.
  24. ↑ Copp 1992, pp. 60–62.
  25. ↑ Saunders 2001, pp. 166–170.
  26. ↑ Saunders 2001, pp. 170–172.
  27. ↑ Buckley 2014, p. 147.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Saunders 2001, pp. 172–176.

References

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Further reading

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External links

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