Portal:Crusades
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THE CRUSADES PORTAL
The Crusades were a series of military conflicts of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal threats. Crusades were fought against Muslims, pagan Slavs, Russian and Greek Orthodox Christians, Mongols, Cathars, Hussites, Jews, and political enemies of the popes. Crusaders took vows and were granted an indulgence for past sins. The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule and were originally launched in response to a call from the Eastern Orthodox Byzantine Empire for help against the expansion of the Muslim Seljuk Turks into Anatolia. The term is also used to describe contemporaneous and subsequent campaigns conducted in territories outside the Levant usually against pagans, heretics, and peoples under the ban of excommunication for a mixture of religious, economic, and political reasons. Rivalries among both Christian and Muslim powers led also to alliances between religious factions against their opponents, such as the Christian alliance with the Sultanate of Rum during the Fifth Crusade. The Crusades had far-reaching political, economic, and social impacts, some of which have lasted into contemporary times. Because of internal conflicts among Christian kingdoms and political powers, some of the crusade expeditions were diverted from their original aim, such as the Fourth Crusade, which resulted in the sack of Christian Constantinople and the partition of the Byzantine Empire between Venice and the Crusaders. Template:/box-footer Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Box-header/colours' not found. The Ottoman–Habsburg wars refers to the military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg dynasties of the Austrian Empire, Habsburg Spain and in certain times, the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary. The war would be dominated by land campaigns in Hungary. Initially, Ottoman conquests in Europe proved successful with a decisive victory at Mohács reducing the Kingdom of Hungary to the status of an Ottoman tributary. Later, the Peace of Westphalia and the War of the Spanish Succession in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively left the Austrian Empire as the sole firm possession of the House of Habsburg. By then, however, European advances in guns and military tactics outweighed the skill and resources of the Ottomans and their elite Janissaries, thus ensuring Habsburg dominance on land. The wars came to an end when the Austrian Empire and the Ottoman Empire signed an alliance with the German Empire prior to World War I. Following their defeat in that war, both Empires were dissolved.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Box-header/colours' not found.  The Siege of Belgrade occurred from July 4 to July 22, 1456. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Ottoman sultan Mehmed II was rallying his resources in order to subjugate the Kingdom of Hungary. His immediate objective was the border fort (Hungarian végvár) of the town of Belgrade (in old Hungarian Nándorfehérvár). John Hunyadi, a Hungarian nobleman and warlord of Cumania and Hungarian lineage, who fought many battles against the Ottomans in the previous two decades, expected just such an attack. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Box-header/colours' not found.
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Box-header/colours' not found.  As a legislator and organiser, he occupies a high place among the Spanish kings. James compiled the Libre del Consulat de Mar,[1] which governed maritime trade and helped establish Catalan supremacy in the western Mediterranean. He made Catalan the official language of his domains,[2] sponsored Catalan literature and even wrote a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the Llibre dels fets. Template:/box-header Template:/Categories Template:/box-footer  Background: Pilgrimage • Holy Land • Church of the Holy Sepulchre • Great German Pilgrimage of 1064–65 • Theology of sacred violence • Battle of Manzikert • Council of Piacenza • Council of Clermont • Jihad Realms and dynasties: Great Seljuq Empire • Fatimid Caliphate • Kingdom of Jerusalem • Principality of Antioch • County of Tripoli • County of Edessa • Kingdom of Cyprus • Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia • Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem • Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem • Officers of the Kingdom of Cyprus • Ayyubid dynasty • Almohad Caliphate • Latin Empire • Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights • Mamluks • Mongol Empire • House of Lusignan • Duchy of Athens • Duchy of the Archipelago • Rise of the Ottoman Empire • Holy League • Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem • Archdiocese of Tyre • Archdiocese of Nazareth • Archdiocese of Caesarea • Archdiocese of Petra • Latin Patriarchate of Antioch • Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople Cities and castles: Jerusalem • Citadel of Salah Ed-Din • Constantinople • Acre • Krak des Chevaliers • Famagusta Campaigns and battles: First Crusade • Siege of Jerusalem • Seljuk–Crusader War • Reconquista • Second Crusade • Siege of Damascus • Northern Crusades • Battle of Hattin • Third Crusade • Battle of Arsuf • Livonian Crusade • German Crusade • Crusades in Italy • Fourth Crusade • Albigensian Crusade • Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa • Children's Crusade • Fifth Crusade • Siege of Damietta • Prussian Crusade • Sixth Crusade • Seventh Crusade • Battle of Al Mansurah • Shepherds' Crusade • Eighth Crusade • Ninth Crusade • Aragonese Crusade • Alexandrian Crusade • Crusades of the Western Schism • Battle of Nicopolis • Hussite Wars • Crusade of Varna • Fall of Constantinople • Siege of Belgrade • Ottoman invasion of Otranto • Fall of Rhodes • Ottoman–Venetian Wars • Ottoman–Habsburg wars • Battle of Mohács • Battle of Lepanto • Spanish Armada • Battle of Vienna People: al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah • Alexios I Komnenos • Pope Urban II • Godfrey of Bouillon • Bernard of Clairvaux • Baldwin of Exeter • Saladin • Richard I of England • Louis IX of France • Guy of Lusignan •James I of Aragon • Marino Sanuto the Elder • Pope Clement VI • Timur • John Hunyadi • Muhammad XII of Granada • Thomas Stukley • al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din Military orders: Knights Templar • History of the Knights Templar • Knights Hospitaller • Military orders of the Reconquista • Teutonic Knights Legacy: History of the Jews and the Crusades • Criticism of the Crusades • Trade and the Crusades • Medieval Christian missions to Asia • Sovereign Military Order of Malta Template:/box-footer
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