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The charts below show the way (both in Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Punjabi pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.
Consonants |
IPA |
Gurmukhi |
Shahmukhi |
English equivalent |
b |
ਬ |
ب |
abash |
p˦ |
ਭ |
بھ |
Tonal p |
d̪ [1] |
ਦ |
د |
ado |
t̪˦ [1] |
ਧ |
دھ |
Tonal t̪ |
ɖ [1] |
ਡ |
ڈ |
guard |
ʈ˦ [1] |
ਢ |
ڈھ |
Tonal ʈ |
dʒ |
ਜ |
ج |
hedge |
tʒ˦ |
ਝ |
جھ |
Tonal tʒ |
f |
ਫ਼ |
ف |
food |
ɡ |
ਗ |
گ |
agate |
gʰ˦ |
ਘ |
گھ |
Tonal gʰ |
ɦ |
ਹ |
ہ |
ahead |
j |
ਯ |
ي |
yak |
k |
ਕ |
ک |
scan |
kʰ |
ਖ |
کھ |
can |
l |
ਲ |
ل |
leaf |
m |
ਮ |
م |
much |
n |
ਨ |
ن |
not |
ɳ |
ਣ |
- |
burner
|
ŋ |
ं |
- |
bank |
p |
ਪ |
پ |
span |
pʰ |
ਫ |
پھ |
pan
(often pronounced [f] in Punjabi) |
q |
ਕ਼ |
ق |
a k in the throat
(Shamukhi; pronounced [k] in Gurmukhi) |
ɾ |
ਰ |
ر |
trilled r |
ɽ |
ੜ |
ڑ |
US: larder |
ɽʱ |
ੜ੍ਹ |
ڑھ |
as [ɽ] plus h |
s |
ਸ |
س |
sue |
ʃ |
ਸ਼ |
ش |
shoe |
t̪ [1] |
ਤ |
ت |
stable |
t̪ʰ [1] |
ਥ |
تھ |
table |
ʈ [1] |
ਟ |
ٹ |
art |
ʈʰ [1] |
ਠ |
ٹھ |
art-historian |
tʃ |
ਚ |
چ |
catch |
tʃʰ |
ਛ |
چھ |
choose |
ʋ[2] |
ਵ |
و |
varies between w and v |
x |
ਖ਼ |
خ |
Bach
(Shahmukhi; usually [kʰ] in Gurmukhi) |
ɣ |
ਗ਼ |
غ |
like a French r
(Shahmukhi; usually [ɡ] in Gurmukhi). Close to uvular flap. |
z |
ਜ਼ |
ز |
zen |
|
Vowels |
IPA |
Gurmukhi |
Shahmukhi |
English equivalent |
ɑː |
ਆ, ਪਾ |
آ, ـا |
bra |
eː |
ਏ, ਪੇ |
ے |
between yell and Yale |
ɛː |
ਐ, ਪੈ |
yell |
ə |
ਅ, ਪ |
ـَ |
nut |
iː [3] |
ਈ, ਪੀ |
ی |
feet |
ɪ [3] |
ਇ, ਪਿ |
ـِ |
dill |
oː |
ਓ, ਪੋ |
و |
old |
ɔː |
ਔ, ਪੌ |
law |
uː [3] |
ਊ, ਪੂ |
loot |
ʊ [3] |
ਉ, ਪੁ |
ـُ |
look |
̃ |
ੰ |
ں |
nasal vowel
([ãː], [õː], etc.) |
|
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 To an English ear, [t̪ t̪ʰ ʈ ʈʰ] all sound like /t/, and [d̪ ɖ ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Punjabi speaker's ear these are very different sounds. [t̪ d̪] are like Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth, and [t̪ʰ d̪] are how a Punjabi speaker hears English /θ ð/ (the th sounds). Punjabi [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth, and [ʈʰ ɖ] are how a Punjabi speaker hears English t d; [ʈ] is how they hear English t after s.
- ↑ [v], [w] and intermediate [ʋ] are allophonic in Punjabi. Some words, such as vart ('ਵਰਤ', fast), are pronounced with [v] and others, such as pakwan ('ਪਕਵਾਨ', food dish), are pronounced with [w].
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralized to [i, u] at the end of a word.